Omic-AM - User contributions [en]

Sheet Lamination

2023-10-24T20:48:01Z

Admin: /* Machine Ranges */

== Process description ==
[[File:Sheet lamination part.png|right|frameless|602x602px]]
Sheet Lamination is one of the most flexible Am methods when it comes to materials, as it can accommodate any material that can be formed into a sheet. In Sheet Lamination, each layer of the print is cut out of a roll of sheet stock and stacked and bound using different material dependent processes (most commonly an adhesive).

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Speed:''' Sheet lamination need only cut out the perimeter of the each layer, instead of filling in the whole area.
* '''Large material selection''': Most materials are sheet stock that is compatible with the bonding process, so it can use a larger variety of materials than other processes.
* '''Micarta printing''': Micarta is a layered material made of adhesive and sheets of material (typically paper, linen, canvas, or carbon fiber). it is a strong light weight material and sheet lamination is a convenient way to rapidly make parts out of this material.

==== Weaknesses ====
* '''Limited geometries:''' Sheet lamination struggles with the more complex geometries.
* '''Surface finish:''' The surface finish of the part is dependent on the material used.

== Machine Ranges ==
Sheet Lamination can produce relatively high resolution parts, but not at very large sizes and at moderate layer heights.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|305/305/102
|457/449/101
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|.042
|.02
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|200
|50
|-
|Build Rate (cm^3/hr)
|737
|100000
|}
[[File:Impossible-Objects-CBAM-25-1-450x300.png|none|thumb|[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ CBAM-25]<nowiki/> <nowiki/>]]<nowiki/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+cb<nowiki/>am<nowiki/>-25
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!max Build Rate
!Price
|-
|457/449/101mm
|50um
|.02mm
|1524/6096/1524mm
|10000 cm^3/hr
|Requires Quote
|}

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 9.

“Sheet Lamination - LOM, SL | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/sheet-lamination</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-24T20:46:56Z

Admin: /* Machine Ranges */

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|50
|10
|-
|Price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|-
|Weight (kg)
|211
|4751
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.mimakiusa.com/products/3duj-2207/ 3duj-2207]]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|203/203/76mm
|28um
|.03mm
| 1355/1290/856mm
|350w
|$42,000
|140
|}
==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

Binder Jetting

2023-10-24T20:44:52Z

Admin: /* Strengths & Weaknesses */

==Process description==
The Binder Jetting process is very similar to that of powder bed fusion, except it uses a chemical binder to bond material together instead of melting the material together. In this process, a layer of a powder material is placed onto the whole print bed, a liquid binder is placed on the needed material, and then another layer of powder is layered on top. After the process is complete, the part is left in the powder bed to let the binder fully cure and then cleaned of excess powder.

==Strengths & Weaknesses==
Strengths
* '''Low energy''': Since it requires no melting, this is a very low energy printing technique when compared to other methods.
* '''Material flexibility''': Binder jetting has a large number of available materials.
* '''Scalable''': The print head delivers very little binder in relation to the volume of the final part, enabling the production of a large variety of sized parts.
* '''No need for supports''': Similar to powder bed fusion, the excess powder acts as natural supports.
Weaknesses
*'''Material properties''': Binder jetting parts tend to be weaker then other AM types.
* '''Surface finish''': The surface finish is entirely dependent on the powder material used, and has a wide range of finishes.
* '''Post processing''': To improve the material properties, extensive post processing is sometimes needed. This can involve injecting extra binder, more cure time, or metal sintering.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Low
! High
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|254/381/203
|800/500/400
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|.5
|.03
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|80
|100
|-
|Price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|-
|Weight (kg)
|340
|3700
|-
|Build Rate (cm^3/hr)
|1817
|5058
|}
==Technologies==
There are a few terms and technologies to be aware of when looking at Binder Jetting machines.

* '''Multi color printing:''' Combining a neutral color powder with a colored binder makes this one of the easiest technologies to create multi color printers for.
* '''Metal sintering:''' A temporary binder can be used to hold metal powder together until it can be sintered in a furnace. This allows binder jetting printers to create metal parts, but requires heavy post processing and it may be difficult to get dimensional accuracy due to shrinking during the sintering process.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 8.

“Binder Jetting - BJ | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/binder-jetting</nowiki>.

Direct Energy Deposition

2023-10-24T20:41:58Z

Admin: /* Machine Ranges */

==Process description==
[[File:Neart-net-shapes-applications-2-web.png|right|frameless|567x567px]]
Direct Energy Deposition (DED) combines welding with other technologies to produce parts through additive manufacturing. In this process, a high power heat source is used to melt and deposit a feed stock directly onto a plate (typically welding it onto a sacrificial print bed). Each layer is welded onto the last until the part is fully formed. The part must then be cut from the build plate, and post processed, usually through subtractive manufacturing such as milling, to produce a finished product.

DED also has the unique ability to modify existing metal parts. By treating the old part as the print surface, it can build out new layers, similar to printing on a traditional build plate.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Industrial scaling''': DED machines are often much larger then other print types, enabling the production of fairly large parts.
* '''Part modification''': DED has the ability to add additional features onto weldable metal parts, allowing for the combination of different manufacturing technologies or repair of broken parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''Surface finish''': Although the exact surface finish is dependent on the feed stocked, DED has very poor surface finish in general.
* '''High energy''': The constant melting of metal in the process uses very high amounts of energy.
* '''Post processing''': DED prints often need to be machined to fix geometries and surface finishes.
* '''HIgh Cost:'''

== Machine Ranges ==
DED has the ability to make large parts out of metal, however the resolution is relatively low compared to other methods.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/200/200
|5080/2794/2794
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
| .67
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|1000
|800
|-
|Price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|}
[[File:Optomec-cs250.webp|none|thumb|[https://optomec.com/lens-cs-600-system/ Lens cs 600]<nowiki/> ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|600/400/400mm
|.67mm
|2800/2700/2450mm
|2kw
|Requires Quote
|}
[[File:Modulo 250.png|none|thumb|[https://addupsolutions.com/machines/ded/ modulo 250]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|400/250/300mm
|800um
|.1mm
|386/389/458mm
|1kw
|Requires Quote
|}
==Categories of DED==
The two primary factors used to characterize DED printers is based on the type of feed stock and the type of energy source used to melt the parts

=== Feed type ===
* '''Wire fed''': Wire feeding gives a consistent flow of material to the deposition pool. This Leads to similar problems that material extrusions printers experience such as the geometry being limted to the fixed diameter of the material deposition, and a slight bulging causing bumpy surface finish
* '''Powder fed''': Powder methods enable more complex geometries to be produced by changing the amount of powder deposited in a particular area. However, not all material being deposited ends up being used, and a recycling system must be used to prevent powder waste.

=== Energy sources ===
* '''Laser''': Laser based DED systems allow for precise control over the heat source. Lasers paired with powder are capable of producing the most complex geometries in this category of AM.
* '''Plasma''': This tends to be the most energy efficient form of DED. Normally paired with wire feedstock, it is best suited for large scale manufacturing.
* '''Electron beam''': This is one of the less common energy sources for DED systems. It is very fast, however, it must be done in a vacuum, increasing costs, but reducing potential contamination of the parts.

== Technologies ==

* '''Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)''': The generic term for the combination of a plasma energy source and a wire feedstock.
* '''Powder Laser (PL)''': The generic term for a combination of a powder feed source with a laser energy source.
* '''Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS'''): A proprietary technology created by Optomec that combines a laser power source and a powder feeding system.
* '''Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM'''): A proprietary technology created by Sciaky that combines an electron beam energy source, and a wire feedstock.
* '''Rapid Plasma Deposition (RPD'''): A proprietary technology created by Norsk titanium that is an advanced version of WAAM.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 10.

“Directed Energy Deposition - DED, LENS, EBAM | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/directed-energy-deposition</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-16T16:08:36Z

Admin: /* Technologies */

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|50
|10
|-
|Weight(kg)
|211
|4751
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.mimakiusa.com/products/3duj-2207/ 3duj-2207]]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|203/203/76mm
|28um
|.03mm
| 1355/1290/856mm
|350w
|$42,000
|140
|}
==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

Powder Bed Fusion

2023-10-16T16:06:59Z

Admin: /* Machine Ranges */

== Process description ==
[[File:PXL 20230828 231728663.jpg|right|frameless|422x422px]]
Powder bed fusion is primarily used to build metal parts, although other materials may be used. Powder bed fusion works by spreading a layer of powdered material over the entire print surface and then using a laser to selectively melt sections together. Another layer is then added on top of the last and the process is repeated until the part is complete. After the part is built, it must be thoroughly cleaned and scrubbed to remove excess powder.

==Strengths & Weaknesses==

=== Strengths ===
*'''Built in support system:''' The excess powder supports the print so there's no need to add printed supports, enabling the building of more complex geometries while maintaining consistent surface finish throughout the part.
* '''Small footprint''': Powder bed fusion machines frequently have a small footprint, and can be added into most workplaces. This allows for organizations to create metal prototypes in house.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''High energy use:''' Melting metal with a laser takes significant energy.
* '''Surface finish:''' Powder bed fusion generally has a rough surface finish.
* '''Material properties:''' This process produces a weaker grain structure compared to parts cast from the same material.

[[File:PXL 20230828 232002915.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]
[[File:PXL 20230817 210159504.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]

== Machine Ranges ==

Overall, this technology can produce smaller parts with high dimensional accuracy. Powder bed fusion printers are on the more expensive side and require quotes from individual companies. Our research indicates these machines are on the order of $1,600,000.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|250/250/325
|800/400/500
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.1
|.06
|-
|layer height (um)
|120
|20
|-
|price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|-
|Weight(kg)
|4635
|1060
|-
|Build rate (cm^3/hr)
|20
|120
|}
[[File:Dmp-flex-350.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/dmp-flex-350 Dmp-flex-350]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
!Price
!Weight
|-
|275/275/420mm
|60um
|.005mm
| 2370/2400/3470mm
|Requires Quote
|4200
|}[[File:SPro 230.webp|none|thumb|[https://support.3dsystems.com/s/3d-printers/spro-140-and-230?language=en_US SPro 230]<nowiki/>]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
| 386/389/458mm
|350W
|Requires Quote
|2541
|}
== Technologies ==
There are two main classes of Powder Bed Fusion printers that describe the laser process and typically indicate the type of materials it uses.

'''Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)''': This is the general term for non-metal powder bed fusion technologies. The term indicates that the heat source only adds enough energy to fuse the powder instead of fully melting it. SLS printing can provide improved capabilities when compared to material extrusion for softer materials such as as nylon or softer thermoplastics.

'''Selective Laser Melting (SLM)''': In contrast to SLS, SLM refers to processes of metal powder bed fusion. The energy added completely melts the material, making the internal structure more homogenous. This technique produces fully metal prototypes relatively easily.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 5.

“Powder Bed Fusion - DMLS, SLS, SLM, MJF, EBM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/powder-bed-fusion</nowiki>.

Sheet Lamination

2023-10-13T22:53:28Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:Sheet lamination part.png|right|frameless|602x602px]]
Sheet Lamination is one of the most flexible Am methods when it comes to materials, as it can accommodate any material that can be formed into a sheet. In Sheet Lamination, each layer of the print is cut out of a roll of sheet stock and stacked and bound using different material dependent processes (most commonly an adhesive).

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Speed:''' Sheet lamination need only cut out the perimeter of the each layer, instead of filling in the whole area.
* '''Large material selection''': Most materials are sheet stock that is compatible with the bonding process, so it can use a larger variety of materials than other processes.
* '''Micarta printing''': Micarta is a layered material made of adhesive and sheets of material (typically paper, linen, canvas, or carbon fiber). it is a strong light weight material and sheet lamination is a convenient way to rapidly make parts out of this material.

==== Weaknesses ====
* '''Limited geometries:''' Sheet lamination struggles with the more complex geometries.
* '''Surface finish:''' The surface finish of the part is dependent on the material used.

== Machine Ranges ==
Sheet Lamination can produce relatively high resolution parts, but not at very large sizes and at moderate layer heights.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|305/305/102
|457/449/101
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.042
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|200
|50
|-
|Build rate (cm^3/hr)
|737
|100000
|}
[[File:Impossible-Objects-CBAM-25-1-450x300.png|none|thumb|[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ CBAM-25]<nowiki/> <nowiki/>]]<nowiki/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+cb<nowiki/>am<nowiki/>-25
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!max Build Rate
!Price
|-
|457/449/101mm
|50um
|.02mm
|1524/6096/1524mm
|10000 cm^3/hr
|Requires Quote
|}

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 9.

“Sheet Lamination - LOM, SL | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/sheet-lamination</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-13T22:52:03Z

Admin:

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|50
|10
|-
|Weight(kg)
|211
|4751
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.mimakiusa.com/products/3duj-2207/ 3duj-2207]]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|203/203/76mm
|28um
|.03mm
| 1355/1290/856mm
|350w
|42,078$
|140
|}
==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-13T22:50:25Z

Admin:

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|50
|10
|-
|Weight(kg)
|211
|4751
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.mimakiusa.com/products/3duj-2207/ 3duj-2207]]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
|-
|203/203/76mm
|28um
|.03mm
| 1355/1290/856mm
|350w
|42,078$
|}
==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

Direct Energy Deposition

2023-10-13T22:48:08Z

Admin:

==Process description==
[[File:Neart-net-shapes-applications-2-web.png|right|frameless|567x567px]]
Direct Energy Deposition (DED) combines welding with other technologies to produce parts through additive manufacturing. In this process, a high power heat source is used to melt and deposit a feed stock directly onto a plate (typically welding it onto a sacrificial print bed). Each layer is welded onto the last until the part is fully formed. The part must then be cut from the build plate, and post processed, usually through subtractive manufacturing such as milling, to produce a finished product.

DED also has the unique ability to modify existing metal parts. By treating the old part as the print surface, it can build out new layers, similar to printing on a traditional build plate.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Industrial scaling''': DED machines are often much larger then other print types, enabling the production of fairly large parts.
* '''Part modification''': DED has the ability to add additional features onto weldable metal parts, allowing for the combination of different manufacturing technologies or repair of broken parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''Surface finish''': Although the exact surface finish is dependent on the feed stocked, DED has very poor surface finish in general.
* '''High energy''': The constant melting of metal in the process uses very high amounts of energy.
* '''Post processing''': DED prints often need to be machined to fix geometries and surface finishes.
* '''HIgh Cost:'''

== Machine Ranges ==
DED has the ability to make large parts out of metal, however the resolution is relatively low compared to other methods.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/200/200
|5080/2794/2794
|-
|resolution (mm)
|1
| .67
|-
|layer height (um)
|1000
|800
|}
[[File:Optomec-cs250.webp|none|thumb|[https://optomec.com/lens-cs-600-system/ Lens cs 600]<nowiki/> ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|600/400/400mm
|.67mm
|2800/2700/2450mm
|2kw
|Requires Quote
|}
[[File:Modulo 250.png|none|thumb|[https://addupsolutions.com/machines/ded/ modulo 250]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|400/250/300mm
|800um
|.1mm
|386/389/458mm
|1kw
|Requires Quote
|}
==Categories of DED==
The two primary factors used to characterize DED printers is based on the type of feed stock and the type of energy source used to melt the parts

=== Feed type ===
* '''Wire fed''': Wire feeding gives a consistent flow of material to the deposition pool. This Leads to similar problems that material extrusions printers experience such as the geometry being limted to the fixed diameter of the material deposition, and a slight bulging causing bumpy surface finish
* '''Powder fed''': Powder methods enable more complex geometries to be produced by changing the amount of powder deposited in a particular area. However, not all material being deposited ends up being used, and a recycling system must be used to prevent powder waste.

=== Energy sources ===
* '''Laser''': Laser based DED systems allow for precise control over the heat source. Lasers paired with powder are capable of producing the most complex geometries in this category of AM.
* '''Plasma''': This tends to be the most energy efficient form of DED. Normally paired with wire feedstock, it is best suited for large scale manufacturing.
* '''Electron beam''': This is one of the less common energy sources for DED systems. It is very fast, however, it must be done in a vacuum, increasing costs, but reducing potential contamination of the parts.

== Technologies ==

* '''Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)''': The generic term for the combination of a plasma energy source and a wire feedstock.
* '''Powder Laser (PL)''': The generic term for a combination of a powder feed source with a laser energy source.
* '''Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS'''): A proprietary technology created by Optomec that combines a laser power source and a powder feeding system.
* '''Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM'''): A proprietary technology created by Sciaky that combines an electron beam energy source, and a wire feedstock.
* '''Rapid Plasma Deposition (RPD'''): A proprietary technology created by Norsk titanium that is an advanced version of WAAM.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 10.

“Directed Energy Deposition - DED, LENS, EBAM | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/directed-energy-deposition</nowiki>.

Direct Energy Deposition

2023-10-13T22:46:45Z

Admin:

==Process description==
[[File:Neart-net-shapes-applications-2-web.png|right|frameless|567x567px]]
Direct Energy Deposition (DED) combines welding with other technologies to produce parts through additive manufacturing. In this process, a high power heat source is used to melt and deposit a feed stock directly onto a plate (typically welding it onto a sacrificial print bed). Each layer is welded onto the last until the part is fully formed. The part must then be cut from the build plate, and post processed, usually through subtractive manufacturing such as milling, to produce a finished product.

DED also has the unique ability to modify existing metal parts. By treating the old part as the print surface, it can build out new layers, similar to printing on a traditional build plate.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Industrial scaling''': DED machines are often much larger then other print types, enabling the production of fairly large parts.
* '''Part modification''': DED has the ability to add additional features onto weldable metal parts, allowing for the combination of different manufacturing technologies or repair of broken parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''Surface finish''': Although the exact surface finish is dependent on the feed stocked, DED has very poor surface finish in general.
* '''High energy''': The constant melting of metal in the process uses very high amounts of energy.
* '''Post processing''': DED prints often need to be machined to fix geometries and surface finishes.
* '''HIgh Cost:'''

== Machine Ranges ==
DED has the ability to make large parts out of metal, however the resolution is relatively low compared to other methods.
[[File:Optomec-cs250.webp|none|thumb|[https://optomec.com/lens-cs-600-system/ Lens cs 600]<nowiki/> ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|600/400/400mm
|.67mm
|2800/2700/2450mm
|2kw
|Requires Quote
|}
[[File:Modulo 250.png|none|thumb|[https://addupsolutions.com/machines/ded/ modulo 250]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|400/250/300mm
|800um
|.1mm
|386/389/458mm
|1kw
|Requires Quote
|}
==Categories of DED==
The two primary factors used to characterize DED printers is based on the type of feed stock and the type of energy source used to melt the parts

=== Feed type ===
* '''Wire fed''': Wire feeding gives a consistent flow of material to the deposition pool. This Leads to similar problems that material extrusions printers experience such as the geometry being limted to the fixed diameter of the material deposition, and a slight bulging causing bumpy surface finish
* '''Powder fed''': Powder methods enable more complex geometries to be produced by changing the amount of powder deposited in a particular area. However, not all material being deposited ends up being used, and a recycling system must be used to prevent powder waste.

=== Energy sources ===
* '''Laser''': Laser based DED systems allow for precise control over the heat source. Lasers paired with powder are capable of producing the most complex geometries in this category of AM.
* '''Plasma''': This tends to be the most energy efficient form of DED. Normally paired with wire feedstock, it is best suited for large scale manufacturing.
* '''Electron beam''': This is one of the less common energy sources for DED systems. It is very fast, however, it must be done in a vacuum, increasing costs, but reducing potential contamination of the parts.

== Technologies ==

* '''Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)''': The generic term for the combination of a plasma energy source and a wire feedstock.
* '''Powder Laser (PL)''': The generic term for a combination of a powder feed source with a laser energy source.
* '''Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS'''): A proprietary technology created by Optomec that combines a laser power source and a powder feeding system.
* '''Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM'''): A proprietary technology created by Sciaky that combines an electron beam energy source, and a wire feedstock.
* '''Rapid Plasma Deposition (RPD'''): A proprietary technology created by Norsk titanium that is an advanced version of WAAM.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 10.

“Directed Energy Deposition - DED, LENS, EBAM | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/directed-energy-deposition</nowiki>.

Vat Polymerization

2023-10-13T22:44:12Z

Admin:

== Process description==
[[File:Resin print.png|right|frameless]]
Vat polymerization was first developed by Charles Hull in 1986. This process starts with a print plate being placed on the very top of a vat filled with a photo-reactive resin. A light source is then used to cure the first layer and bond it to the bottom of the plate. The plate is then raised so that the next layer is cured directly onto the last. This is repeated until the part is complete. The part then washed and further hardened with a strong light.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''High resolution and surface finish:''' This process has the highest resolution of all additive manufacturing technologies since detail is only limited by screen resolution
*'''Clear parts:''' The material used in Vat Polymerization allows for the creation of clear parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Toxic materials:''' Most materials used in Vat Polymerization are generally extremely toxic, and should be handled with care. Protective equipment should be worn, and printing should always be done with proper ventilation to protect against toxic fumes.
* '''Weaker material properties:''' Resins that are used in this process tend to be brittle and not very tough.
* '''Post processing:''' VP parts need to be cleaned of wet resin, and cured a second time to ensure hardness and layer bonding.
*'''Resin degradation:''' Resins tend to degrade in color and strength over time, especially if exposed to environmental elements.

== Machine Ranges ==
Vat Polymerization produces relatively small parts with the highest resolution of any technologies. Printers can be affordable, or on the more expensive side, depending on the size and quality of prints desired.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|96/54/127
|380/380/250
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.05
|.003
|-
|layer height (um)
|25
|15
|-
|price ($)
|500,000
|450
|-
|Weight kg
|1724
|5
|-
|build rate
|2
|12
|}
[[File:ProX 950.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/prox-950 ProX 950]<nowiki/>]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
! Resolution
!Size xyz
!power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|1500/750/550mm
|50um
|.13mm
|2200/1600/2260mm
|1450mW
|Requires Quote
|907
|}[[File:Form 3+.webp|none|thumb|[https://shorturl.at/ptwAX form 3+]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
! Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|145/145/145mm
|25um
|.025mm
|386/389/458mm
|250mw
|2,499$
|17.5
|}
==Technologies==
There are two main technologies used for curing resins in Vat Polymerization printing:
* '''Digital Light Processing''' (DLP): This uses a projector to cast the entire image of each layer for curing at the same time. This process is fast but with the trade off of decreasing accuracy.
* '''Stereolithography''': This processes uses a laser to cure a single section of the layer at a time, similar to Powder Bed Fusion. This enables higher resolution parts, but is slower.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 4.

“Photopolymerization - VAT, SLA, DLP, CDLP | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/photopolymerization</nowiki>.

Powder Bed Fusion

2023-10-13T22:41:23Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:PXL 20230828 231728663.jpg|right|frameless|422x422px]]
Powder bed fusion is primarily used to build metal parts, although other materials may be used. Powder bed fusion works by spreading a layer of powdered material over the entire print surface and then using a laser to selectively melt sections together. Another layer is then added on top of the last and the process is repeated until the part is complete. After the part is built, it must be thoroughly cleaned and scrubbed to remove excess powder.

==Strengths & Weaknesses==

=== Strengths ===
*'''Built in support system:''' The excess powder supports the print so there's no need to add printed supports, enabling the building of more complex geometries while maintaining consistent surface finish throughout the part.
* '''Small footprint''': Powder bed fusion machines frequently have a small footprint, and can be added into most workplaces. This allows for organizations to create metal prototypes in house.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''High energy use:''' Melting metal with a laser takes significant energy.
* '''Surface finish:''' Powder bed fusion generally has a rough surface finish.
* '''Material properties:''' This process produces a weaker grain structure compared to parts cast from the same material.

[[File:PXL 20230828 232002915.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]
[[File:PXL 20230817 210159504.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]

== Machine Ranges ==

Overall, this technology can produce smaller parts with high dimensional accuracy. Powder bed fusion printers are on the more expensive side and require quotes from individual companies. Our research indicates these machines are on the order of $1,600,000.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|250/250/325
|800/400/500
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.1
|.06
|-
|layer height (um)
|120
|20
|-
|price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|-
|Weight(kg)
|4635
|1060
|-
|Build rate (cm^3/hr)
|20
|120
|}
[[File:Dmp-flex-350.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/dmp-flex-350 Dmp-flex-350]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
!Price
!Weight
|-
|275/275/420mm
|60um
|.005mm
| 2370/2400/3470mm
|Requires Qoute
|4200
|}[[File:SPro 230.webp|none|thumb|[https://support.3dsystems.com/s/3d-printers/spro-140-and-230?language=en_US SPro 230]<nowiki/>]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
| 386/389/458mm
|350W
|Requires Qoute
|2541
|}
== Technologies ==
There are two main classes of Powder Bed Fusion printers that describe the laser process and typically indicate the type of materials it uses.

'''Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)''': This is the general term for non-metal powder bed fusion technologies. The term indicates that the heat source only adds enough energy to fuse the powder instead of fully melting it. SLS printing can provide improved capabilities when compared to material extrusion for softer materials such as as nylon or softer thermoplastics.

'''Selective Laser Melting (SLM)''': In contrast to SLS, SLM refers to processes of metal powder bed fusion. The energy added completely melts the material, making the internal structure more homogenous. This technique produces fully metal prototypes relatively easily.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 5.

“Powder Bed Fusion - DMLS, SLS, SLM, MJF, EBM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/powder-bed-fusion</nowiki>.

Material extrusion

2023-10-13T22:37:00Z

Admin:

[[File:PXL 20230914 175310736.jpg|right|frameless|430x430px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 182737949.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 185334611.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]

== Process Description ==
Material extrusion is the most common form of additive manufacturing technology. This method works by melting or softening the material, and combining it to old layers to produce a part. Other names for it are fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling (FDM).

In fused deposition modeling, the part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually, the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Budget-friendly:''' Material extrusion technology has been around long enough that there many printers are available for a few hundred dollars or less. These allow for a low access point for those who are interested in getting into printing, but unsure of the process.
* '''Ease of use:''' Many material extrusion printers require very little training to use. Also, if there is a problem there is a significant amount of free online information to help.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Surface finish:''' Due to the way that parts are created, layer lines will almost always be visible. Typically, higher quality printers will have a betters surface finish.
* '''Need for support:''' Material extrusion printers have difficulty in printing parts with overhangs, so they need to add extra material to give a stable platform for printing. These can often be removed, but sometimes this is difficult, it creates material waste, and it negatively affects the surface finish.
* '''Warping:''' Temperature differences can cause uneven contractions in a part while it's printing, leaving a warped part. Printers with a heated bed and proper enclosure can mitigate this issue.

== Machine Ranges ==
Overall, this printing technology can produce parts of moderate size and resolution for low prices. To see a general comparison of how this technology stacks up with other technologies, see the [[Main Page|main page]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|120/68/150
|1005/1005/1005
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
|.25
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|300
|20
|-
|Price ($)
|27,475
|200
|-
|Weight(kg)
|2869
|4
|-
|Build Rate(cm^3/hr)
|16
|130
|}
[[File:Bl P1P.webp|none|thumb|[https://us.store.bambulab.com/products/p1p Bambu Lab P1P]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
|386/389/458mm
|350W
|699$
|14.3kg
|}[[File:Prussa mk4.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mk4/ Prusa mk4]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|250/210/220mm
|50um
|.4mm
|500/500/400mm
|120W
|1099$
|7kg
|}
== Technologies ==
There are a couple of technologies that can significantly art the types of parts produced by Material Extrusion when compared to most baseline printers.

* '''Metal replacement''' (Bound metal deposition/Atomic diffusion): With this technology, metal particles are infused into a thermal plastic. The printed part is put through a secondary process to remove the thermal plastic leaving a smaller metal part in its place.
* '''Continuous fiber reinforcement:''' A second print head lays down continuous fiber such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar into the internal structure of a print. This gives the part stronger material properties.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

== References ==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 6.

“Material Extrusion - FDM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-extrusion</nowiki>.

Material extrusion

2023-10-13T22:29:30Z

Admin:

[[File:PXL 20230914 175310736.jpg|right|frameless|430x430px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 182737949.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 185334611.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]

== Process Description ==
Material extrusion is the most common form of additive manufacturing technology. This method works by melting or softening the material, and combining it to old layers to produce a part. Other names for it are fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling (FDM).

In fused deposition modeling, the part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually, the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Budget-friendly:''' Material extrusion technology has been around long enough that there many printers are available for a few hundred dollars or less. These allow for a low access point for those who are interested in getting into printing, but unsure of the process.
* '''Ease of use:''' Many material extrusion printers require very little training to use. Also, if there is a problem there is a significant amount of free online information to help.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Surface finish:''' Due to the way that parts are created, layer lines will almost always be visible. Typically, higher quality printers will have a betters surface finish.
* '''Need for support:''' Material extrusion printers have difficulty in printing parts with overhangs, so they need to add extra material to give a stable platform for printing. These can often be removed, but sometimes this is difficult, it creates material waste, and it negatively affects the surface finish.
* '''Warping:''' Temperature differences can cause uneven contractions in a part while it's printing, leaving a warped part. Printers with a heated bed and proper enclosure can mitigate this issue.

== Machine Ranges ==
Overall, this printing technology can produce parts of moderate size and resolution for low prices. To see a general comparison of how this technology stacks up with other technologies, see the [[Main Page|main page]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|120/68/150
|1005/1005/1005
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
|.25
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|300
|20
|-
|Price ($)
|27,475
|200
|-
|Weight
|
|
|-
|Build Rate
|
|
|}
[[File:Bl P1P.webp|none|thumb|[https://us.store.bambulab.com/products/p1p Bambu Lab P1P]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
|386/389/458mm
|350W
|699$
|
|}[[File:Prussa mk4.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mk4/ Prusa mk4]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
!Weight
|-
|250/210/220mm
|50um
|.4mm
|500/500/400mm
|120W
|1099$
|
|}
== Technologies ==
There are a couple of technologies that can significantly art the types of parts produced by Material Extrusion when compared to most baseline printers.

* '''Metal replacement''' (Bound metal deposition/Atomic diffusion): With this technology, metal particles are infused into a thermal plastic. The printed part is put through a secondary process to remove the thermal plastic leaving a smaller metal part in its place.
* '''Continuous fiber reinforcement:''' A second print head lays down continuous fiber such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar into the internal structure of a print. This gives the part stronger material properties.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

== References ==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 6.

“Material Extrusion - FDM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-extrusion</nowiki>.

Material extrusion

2023-10-13T19:26:34Z

Admin:

[[File:PXL 20230914 175310736.jpg|right|frameless|430x430px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 182737949.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 185334611.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]

== Process Description ==
Material extrusion is the most common form of additive manufacturing technology. This method works by melting or softening the material, and combining it to old layers to produce a part. Other names for it are fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling (FDM).

In fused deposition modeling, the part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually, the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Budget-friendly:''' Material extrusion technology has been around long enough that there many printers are available for a few hundred dollars or less. These allow for a low access point for those who are interested in getting into printing, but unsure of the process.
* '''Ease of use:''' Many material extrusion printers require very little training to use. Also, if there is a problem there is a significant amount of free online information to help.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Surface finish:''' Due to the way that parts are created, layer lines will almost always be visible. Typically, higher quality printers will have a betters surface finish.
* '''Need for support:''' Material extrusion printers have difficulty in printing parts with overhangs, so they need to add extra material to give a stable platform for printing. These can often be removed, but sometimes this is difficult, it creates material waste, and it negatively affects the surface finish.
* '''Warping:''' Temperature differences can cause uneven contractions in a part while it's printing, leaving a warped part. Printers with a heated bed and proper enclosure can mitigate this issue.

== Machine Ranges ==
Overall, this printing technology can produce parts of moderate size and resolution for low prices. To see a general comparison of how this technology stacks up with other technologies, see the [[Main Page|main page]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|120/68/150
|1005/1005/1005
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
|.25
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|300
|20
|-
|Price ($)
|27,475
|200
|}
[[File:Bl P1P.webp|none|thumb|[https://us.store.bambulab.com/products/p1p Bambu Lab P1P]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
|386/389/458mm
|350W
|699$
|}[[File:Prussa mk4.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mk4/ Prusa mk4]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
|-
|250/210/220mm
|50um
|.4mm
|500/500/400mm
|120W
|1099$
|}
== Technologies ==
There are a couple of technologies that can significantly art the types of parts produced by Material Extrusion when compared to most baseline printers.

* '''Metal replacement''' (Bound metal deposition/Atomic diffusion): With this technology, metal particles are infused into a thermal plastic. The printed part is put through a secondary process to remove the thermal plastic leaving a smaller metal part in its place.
* '''Continuous fiber reinforcement:''' A second print head lays down continuous fiber such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar into the internal structure of a print. This gives the part stronger material properties.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

== References ==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 6.

“Material Extrusion - FDM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-extrusion</nowiki>.

Material extrusion

2023-10-13T19:26:17Z

Admin:

[[File:PXL 20230914 175310736.jpg|right|frameless|430x430px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 182737949.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 185334611.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]

== Process Description ==
Material extrusion is the most common form of additive manufacturing technology. This method works by melting or softening the material, and combining it to old layers to produce a part. Other names for it are fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling (FDM).

In fused deposition modeling, the part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually, the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Budget-friendly:''' Material extrusion technology has been around long enough that there many printers are available for a few hundred dollars or less. These allow for a low access point for those who are interested in getting into printing, but unsure of the process.
* '''Ease of use:''' Many material extrusion printers require very little training to use. Also, if there is a problem there is a significant amount of free online information to help.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Surface finish:''' Due to the way that parts are created, layer lines will almost always be visible. Typically, higher quality printers will have a betters surface finish.
* '''Need for support:''' Material extrusion printers have difficulty in printing parts with overhangs, so they need to add extra material to give a stable platform for printing. These can often be removed, but sometimes this is difficult, it creates material waste, and it negatively affects the surface finish.
* '''Warping:''' Temperature differences can cause uneven contractions in a part while it's printing, leaving a warped part. Printers with a heated bed and proper enclosure can mitigate this issue.

== Machine Ranges ==
Overall, this printing technology can produce parts of moderate size and resolution for low prices. To see a general comparison of how this technology stacks up with other technologies, see the [[Main Page|main page]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|120/68/150
|1005/1005/1005
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
|.25
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|300
|20
|-
|Price ($)
|27,475
|200
|}
[[File:Bl P1P.webp|none|thumb|[https://us.store.bambulab.com/products/p1p Bambu Lab P1P]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
|386/389/458mm
|350W
|699$
|}[[File:Prussa mk4.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mk4/ Prusa mk4]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
|-
|250/210/220mm
|50um
|.4mm
|500/500/400mm
|120W
|1099
|}
== Technologies ==
There are a couple of technologies that can significantly art the types of parts produced by Material Extrusion when compared to most baseline printers.

* '''Metal replacement''' (Bound metal deposition/Atomic diffusion): With this technology, metal particles are infused into a thermal plastic. The printed part is put through a secondary process to remove the thermal plastic leaving a smaller metal part in its place.
* '''Continuous fiber reinforcement:''' A second print head lays down continuous fiber such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar into the internal structure of a print. This gives the part stronger material properties.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

== References ==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 6.

“Material Extrusion - FDM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-extrusion</nowiki>.

Main Page

2023-10-12T21:09:42Z

Admin:

== What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)? ==
3D printing - also referred to as additive manufacturing - has enabled the manufacturing of complex geometries to the final shape without need for additional specialized tools, devices, or jigs. Additive manufacturing works by joining layers of material sequentially one on the other, to build any unique final form. Whether it's extruding filament through a nozzle, melting metal powder, or curing resin with UV light. There are many different types of additive manufacturing technologies that might not necessarily look alike, but they all create parts by adding material in layers. The most common materials used in additive manufacturing are plastics and metals. The equipment typically costs less than subtractive manufacturing, and various material properties are available for many 3D printing operations.

In contrast, subtractive manufacturing involves material removal with turning, milling, drilling, grinding, cutting, and boring. This process starts with a larger piece of stock and then material is removed until the final part is revealed. Some examples of subtractive manufacturing include laser cutting, waterjet cutting, CNC Machining Centers, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), and abrading.

The AM cycle starts with designing the part or assembly in 3D CAD, or three-dimensional computer-aided design, software. The part is then converted into a triangular mesh that defines its interior and exterior surfaces, commonly known as an STL file. The STL file is then imported into a program that allows the user to manipulate the mesh and define the parameters for the AM process. This program then takes all the user-defined parameters and generating a tool path for each layer of the print, called slicing. These tool paths are then exported to the machine and the part is made. Understanding this workflow is an important factor when designing parts for additive manufacturing because of the different challenges that come with producing a quality part.

==Why choose additive manufacturing?==
Additive manufacturing is not a drop-in replacement for any manufacturing process, however a number of different industries such as aircraft, dental, medical, and automotive have turned to additive manufacturing technologies for a number of advantages. Additive manufacturing can be used to design prototypes prior to mass production, customize parts to individual users or setups, quickly create parts for small a production run, or build extremely unusual shapes that are not feasible to manufacture with traditional methods.

Additive manufacturing is most useful for those who need the following.

#Parts with complex geometries: The way additive manufacturing builds can create parts that would either be expensive or impossible with traditional manufacturing techniques.
#In-house custom parts: Additive manufacturing allows for rapid progress from cad to fully realized parts without the need of a specialized manufacturer. This enables organizations to easily create iterative prototypes and small-scale manufacturing of custom parts for clients.
#Specific material properties: The variety of materials available in AM allows for control of various material properties such as strength, stiffness, and toughness. Materials and techniques also allow for more specific properties like food-safe, chemically resistant, and UV reactivity.

== Categories ==

The generally accepted system for sorting additive manufacturing technologies was created by the [https://www.iso.org/home.html international standards organization] (ISO). This systems sorts printers into seven categories based on how they join material together.

* [[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]: general purpose low cost polymer printing
* [[Powder Bed Fusion]]: small scale metal prototyping/ specialized polymer printing
* [[Vat Polymerization]]: fine detail resin printing
* [[Direct Energy Deposition]]: large scale metal printing
* [[Binder Jetting]]: low energy polymer printing/multi color printing
* [[Material Jetting]]: high precision polymer prints/ wax casting blanks
* [[Sheet Lamination]]: rapid production of simple parts
Each category has different strengths and weaknesses when compared with the other additive manufacturing categories. Below is a table populated by observing the range of capabilities within the AM database created by PSU, OIT, and OMIC in Phase 1 of this project. More detailed information on the different categories can be found on the individual webpages, and a more direct comparison can be made between different machines and the potential cost of making parts on those machines can be done using the AM database.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties by Category
!Type
!Volume (L)
!XY Resolution (mm)
!Layer height (um)
!Materials
!Footprint (m^2)
!Energy use
!Surface finsih
!Price
|-
|Material Extrusion
|1.224 - 1000
|0.25 - 1
|20 - 300
|Thermoplastics, some metals
|.1-1
|Medium
|Medium
|Low
|-
|Powder Bed Fusion
|20 - 160
|0.06 - 0.1
|20 - 120
|Metals, Thermoplastics
|1-10
|High
|Medium
|High
|-
|Vat Polymerization
|0.65 - 36
|0.003 - 0.05
|15 - 25
|Resins
|.05-1
|Low
|High
|medium
|-
|Direct energy depostion
|8 - 40,000
|0.67 - 1
|800 - 1000
|Metals
|4-12
|High
|Poor
|High
|-
|Binder Jetting
|20 - 160
|0.03 - 0.5
|80 - 100
|Plastics, Metals, Concrete, Wood
|1-4
|Low
|Medium
|High
|-
|Material Jetting
|.8 - 3,000
|.02 - .03
|10 - 50
|Resins, Wax, Thermoplastics
|1-6
|Low
|Best
|High
|-
|Sheet lamintion
|9 - 20
|.02 - .042
|50 - 200
|Plastics, Metals, Wood
|3-12
|Medium
|Poor
|High
|}
Parts created through AM technologies have standards that apply to them, similarly to parts created using other technologies. These include Mechanical Testing, Design, Precursor Material, Process and Control, Post Processing, Qualification and Vertification, Nondestructive Evaluation, and Maintenance and Repair. A [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wTo78i2y23a_z90w1knmXU3aXxdiXiPH/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=112155835546453592882&rtpof=true&sd=true detailed document on AM standards] was produced in Phase 1 of the project.

== References ==
Rosen, David, Brent Stucker, and Mahyar Khorasani. Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Third edition. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021.

“3D Printing - Additive | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/3D-printing</nowiki>.

Sheet Lamination

2023-10-12T21:05:38Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:Sheet lamination part.png|right|frameless|602x602px]]
Sheet Lamination is one of the most flexible Am methods when it comes to materials, as it can accommodate any material that can be formed into a sheet. In Sheet Lamination, each layer of the print is cut out of a roll of sheet stock and stacked and bound using different material dependent processes (most commonly an adhesive).

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Speed:''' Sheet lamination need only cut out the perimeter of the each layer, instead of filling in the whole area.
* '''Large material selection''': Most materials are sheet stock that is compatible with the bonding process, so it can use a larger variety of materials than other processes.
* '''Micarta printing''': Micarta is a layered material made of adhesive and sheets of material (typically paper, linen, canvas, or carbon fiber). it is a strong light weight material and sheet lamination is a convenient way to rapidly make parts out of this material.

==== Weaknesses ====
* '''Limited geometries:''' Sheet lamination struggles with the more complex geometries.
* '''Surface finish:''' The surface finish of the part is dependent on the material used.

== Machine Ranges ==
Sheet Lamination can produce relatively high resolution parts, but not at very large sizes and at moderate layer heights.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|305/305/102
|457/449/101
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.042
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|200
|50
|}
[[File:Impossible-Objects-CBAM-25-1-450x300.png|none|thumb|[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ CBAM-25]<nowiki/> <nowiki/>]]<nowiki/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+cb<nowiki/>am<nowiki/>-25
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!max Build Rate
!Price
|-
|457/449/101mm
|50um
|.02mm
|1524/6096/1524mm
|10000 cm^3/hr
|Requires Quote
|}

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 9.

“Sheet Lamination - LOM, SL | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/sheet-lamination</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-12T21:04:57Z

Admin:

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|50
|10
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.mimakiusa.com/products/3duj-2207/ 3duj-2207]]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
|-
|203/203/76mm
|28um
|.03mm
| 1355/1290/856mm
|350w
|42,078$
|}
==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

Direct Energy Deposition

2023-10-12T21:03:13Z

Admin:

==Process description==
[[File:Neart-net-shapes-applications-2-web.png|right|frameless|567x567px]]
Direct Energy Deposition (DED) combines welding with other technologies to produce parts through additive manufacturing. In this process, a high power heat source is used to melt and deposit a feed stock directly onto a plate (typically welding it onto a sacrificial print bed). Each layer is welded onto the last until the part is fully formed. The part must then be cut from the build plate, and post processed, usually through subtractive manufacturing such as milling, to produce a finished product.

DED also has the unique ability to modify existing metal parts. By treating the old part as the print surface, it can build out new layers, similar to printing on a traditional build plate.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Industrial scaling''': DED machines are often much larger then other print types, enabling the production of fairly large parts.
* '''Part modification''': DED has the ability to add additional features onto weldable metal parts, allowing for the combination of different manufacturing technologies or repair of broken parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''Surface finish''': Although the exact surface finish is dependent on the feed stocked, DED has very poor surface finish in general.
* '''High energy''': The constant melting of metal in the process uses very high amounts of energy.
* '''Post processing''': DED prints often need to be machined to fix geometries and surface finishes.
* '''HIgh Cost:'''

== Machine Ranges ==
DED has the ability to make large parts out of metal, however the resolution is relatively low compared to other methods.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/200/200
|5080/2794/2794
|-
|resolution (mm)
|1
| .67
|-
|layer height (um)
|1000
|800
|}
[[File:Optomec-cs250.webp|none|thumb|[https://optomec.com/lens-cs-600-system/ Lens cs 600]<nowiki/> ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|600/400/400mm
|.67mm
|2800/2700/2450mm
|2kw
|Requires Quote
|}
[[File:Modulo 250.png|none|thumb|[https://addupsolutions.com/machines/ded/ modulo 250]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|400/250/300mm
|800um
|.1mm
|386/389/458mm
|1kw
|Requires Quote
|}
==Categories of DED==
The two primary factors used to characterize DED printers is based on the type of feed stock and the type of energy source used to melt the parts

=== Feed type ===
* '''Wire fed''': Wire feeding gives a consistent flow of material to the deposition pool. This Leads to similar problems that material extrusions printers experience such as the geometry being limted to the fixed diameter of the material deposition, and a slight bulging causing bumpy surface finish
* '''Powder fed''': Powder methods enable more complex geometries to be produced by changing the amount of powder deposited in a particular area. However, not all material being deposited ends up being used, and a recycling system must be used to prevent powder waste.

=== Energy sources ===
* '''Laser''': Laser based DED systems allow for precise control over the heat source. Lasers paired with powder are capable of producing the most complex geometries in this category of AM.
* '''Plasma''': This tends to be the most energy efficient form of DED. Normally paired with wire feedstock, it is best suited for large scale manufacturing.
* '''Electron beam''': This is one of the less common energy sources for DED systems. It is very fast, however, it must be done in a vacuum, increasing costs, but reducing potential contamination of the parts.

== Technologies ==

* '''Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)''': The generic term for the combination of a plasma energy source and a wire feedstock.
* '''Powder Laser (PL)''': The generic term for a combination of a powder feed source with a laser energy source.
* '''Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS'''): A proprietary technology created by Optomec that combines a laser power source and a powder feeding system.
* '''Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM'''): A proprietary technology created by Sciaky that combines an electron beam energy source, and a wire feedstock.
* '''Rapid Plasma Deposition (RPD'''): A proprietary technology created by Norsk titanium that is an advanced version of WAAM.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 10.

“Directed Energy Deposition - DED, LENS, EBAM | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/directed-energy-deposition</nowiki>.

Vat Polymerization

2023-10-12T21:02:29Z

Admin:

== Process description==
[[File:Resin print.png|right|frameless]]
Vat polymerization was first developed by Charles Hull in 1986. This process starts with a print plate being placed on the very top of a vat filled with a photo-reactive resin. A light source is then used to cure the first layer and bond it to the bottom of the plate. The plate is then raised so that the next layer is cured directly onto the last. This is repeated until the part is complete. The part then washed and further hardened with a strong light.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''High resolution and surface finish:''' This process has the highest resolution of all additive manufacturing technologies since detail is only limited by screen resolution
*'''Clear parts:''' The material used in Vat Polymerization allows for the creation of clear parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Toxic materials:''' Most materials used in Vat Polymerization are generally extremely toxic, and should be handled with care. Protective equipment should be worn, and printing should always be done with proper ventilation to protect against toxic fumes.
* '''Weaker material properties:''' Resins that are used in this process tend to be brittle and not very tough.
* '''Post processing:''' VP parts need to be cleaned of wet resin, and cured a second time to ensure hardness and layer bonding.
*'''Resin degradation:''' Resins tend to degrade in color and strength over time, especially if exposed to environmental elements.

== Machine Ranges ==
Vat Polymerization produces relatively small parts with the highest resolution of any technologies. Printers can be affordable, or on the more expensive side, depending on the size and quality of prints desired.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|96/54/127
|380/380/250
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.05
|.003
|-
|layer height (um)
|25
|15
|-
|price ($)
|500,000
|450
|}
[[File:ProX 950.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/prox-950 ProX 950]<nowiki/>]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
! Resolution
!Size xyz
!power
!Price
|-
|1500/750/550mm
|50um
|.13mm
|2200/1600/2260mm
|1450mW
|Requires Quote
|}[[File:Form 3+.webp|none|thumb|[https://shorturl.at/ptwAX form 3+]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
! Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|145/145/145mm
|25um
|.025mm
|386/389/458mm
|250mw
|2,499$
|}
==Technologies==
There are two main technologies used for curing resins in Vat Polymerization printing:
* '''Digital Light Processing''' (DLP): This uses a projector to cast the entire image of each layer for curing at the same time. This process is fast but with the trade off of decreasing accuracy.
* '''Stereolithography''': This processes uses a laser to cure a single section of the layer at a time, similar to Powder Bed Fusion. This enables higher resolution parts, but is slower.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 4.

“Photopolymerization - VAT, SLA, DLP, CDLP | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/photopolymerization</nowiki>.

Powder Bed Fusion

2023-10-12T21:00:18Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:PXL 20230828 231728663.jpg|right|frameless|422x422px]]
Powder bed fusion is primarily used to build metal parts, although other materials may be used. Powder bed fusion works by spreading a layer of powdered material over the entire print surface and then using a laser to selectively melt sections together. Another layer is then added on top of the last and the process is repeated until the part is complete. After the part is built, it must be thoroughly cleaned and scrubbed to remove excess powder.

==Strengths & Weaknesses==

=== Strengths ===
*'''Built in support system:''' The excess powder supports the print so there's no need to add printed supports, enabling the building of more complex geometries while maintaining consistent surface finish throughout the part.
* '''Small footprint''': Powder bed fusion machines frequently have a small footprint, and can be added into most workplaces. This allows for organizations to create metal prototypes in house.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''High energy use:''' Melting metal with a laser takes significant energy.
* '''Surface finish:''' Powder bed fusion generally has a rough surface finish.
* '''Material properties:''' This process produces a weaker grain structure compared to parts cast from the same material.

[[File:PXL 20230828 232002915.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]
[[File:PXL 20230817 210159504.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]

== Machine Ranges ==

Overall, this technology can produce smaller parts with high dimensional accuracy. Powder bed fusion printers are on the more expensive side and require quotes from individual companies. Our research indicates these machines are on the order of $1,600,000.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|250/250/325
|800/400/500
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.1
|.06
|-
|layer height (um)
|120
|20
|-
|price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|}
[[File:Dmp-flex-350.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/dmp-flex-350 Dmp-flex-350]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
!Price
|-
|275/275/420mm
|60um
|.005mm
| 2370/2400/3470mm
|Requires Qoute
|}[[File:SPro 230.webp|none|thumb|[https://support.3dsystems.com/s/3d-printers/spro-140-and-230?language=en_US SPro 230]<nowiki/>]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
!Price
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
| 386/389/458mm
|350W
|Requires Qoute
|}
== Technologies ==
There are two main classes of Powder Bed Fusion printers that describe the laser process and typically indicate the type of materials it uses.

'''Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)''': This is the general term for non-metal powder bed fusion technologies. The term indicates that the heat source only adds enough energy to fuse the powder instead of fully melting it. SLS printing can provide improved capabilities when compared to material extrusion for softer materials such as as nylon or softer thermoplastics.

'''Selective Laser Melting (SLM)''': In contrast to SLS, SLM refers to processes of metal powder bed fusion. The energy added completely melts the material, making the internal structure more homogenous. This technique produces fully metal prototypes relatively easily.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 5.

“Powder Bed Fusion - DMLS, SLS, SLM, MJF, EBM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/powder-bed-fusion</nowiki>.

Material extrusion

2023-10-12T20:57:28Z

Admin:

[[File:PXL 20230914 175310736.jpg|right|frameless|430x430px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 182737949.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 185334611.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]

== Process Description ==
Material extrusion is the most common form of additive manufacturing technology. This method works by melting or softening the material, and combining it to old layers to produce a part. Other names for it are fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling (FDM).

In fused deposition modeling, the part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually, the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Budget-friendly:''' Material extrusion technology has been around long enough that there many printers are available for a few hundred dollars or less. These allow for a low access point for those who are interested in getting into printing, but unsure of the process.
* '''Ease of use:''' Many material extrusion printers require very little training to use. Also, if there is a problem there is a significant amount of free online information to help.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Surface finish:''' Due to the way that parts are created, layer lines will almost always be visible. Typically, higher quality printers will have a betters surface finish.
* '''Need for support:''' Material extrusion printers have difficulty in printing parts with overhangs, so they need to add extra material to give a stable platform for printing. These can often be removed, but sometimes this is difficult, it creates material waste, and it negatively affects the surface finish.
* '''Warping:''' Temperature differences can cause uneven contractions in a part while it's printing, leaving a warped part. Printers with a heated bed and proper enclosure can mitigate this issue.

== Machine Ranges ==
Overall, this printing technology can produce parts of moderate size and resolution for low prices. To see a general comparison of how this technology stacks up with other technologies, see the [[Main Page|main page]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|120/68/150
|1005/1005/1005
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
|.25
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|300
|20
|-
|Price ($)
|27,475
|200
|}
[[File:Bl P1P.webp|none|thumb|Bambu Lab P1P

https://us.store.bambulab.com/products/p1p]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
|386/389/458mm
|350W
|}[[File:Prussa mk4.jpg|none|thumb|https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mk4/]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
|-
|250/210/220mm
|50um
|.4mm
|500/500/400mm
|120W
|}
== Technologies ==
There are a couple of technologies that can significantly art the types of parts produced by Material Extrusion when compared to most baseline printers.

* '''Metal replacement''' (Bound metal deposition/Atomic diffusion): With this technology, metal particles are infused into a thermal plastic. The printed part is put through a secondary process to remove the thermal plastic leaving a smaller metal part in its place.
* '''Continuous fiber reinforcement:''' A second print head lays down continuous fiber such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar into the internal structure of a print. This gives the part stronger material properties.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

== References ==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 6.

“Material Extrusion - FDM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-extrusion</nowiki>.

Material extrusion

2023-10-12T20:56:38Z

Admin:

[[File:PXL 20230914 175310736.jpg|right|frameless|430x430px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 182737949.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 185334611.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]

== Process Description ==
Material extrusion is the most common form of additive manufacturing technology. This method works by melting or softening the material, and combining it to old layers to produce a part. Other names for it are fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling (FDM).

In fused deposition modeling, the part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually, the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Budget-friendly:''' Material extrusion technology has been around long enough that there many printers are available for a few hundred dollars or less. These allow for a low access point for those who are interested in getting into printing, but unsure of the process.
* '''Ease of use:''' Many material extrusion printers require very little training to use. Also, if there is a problem there is a significant amount of free online information to help.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Surface finish:''' Due to the way that parts are created, layer lines will almost always be visible. Typically, higher quality printers will have a betters surface finish.
* '''Need for support:''' Material extrusion printers have difficulty in printing parts with overhangs, so they need to add extra material to give a stable platform for printing. These can often be removed, but sometimes this is difficult, it creates material waste, and it negatively affects the surface finish.
* '''Warping:''' Temperature differences can cause uneven contractions in a part while it's printing, leaving a warped part. Printers with a heated bed and proper enclosure can mitigate this issue.

== Machine Ranges ==
Overall, this printing technology can produce parts of moderate size and resolution for low prices. To see a general comparison of how this technology stacks up with other technologies, see the [[Main Page|main page]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|120/68/150
|1005/1005/1005
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
|.25
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|300
|20
|-
|Price ($)
|27,475
|200
|}
[[File:Bl P1P.webp|none|thumb|[https://us.store.bambulab.com/products/p1p Bambu Lab P1P]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
|386/389/458mm
|350W
|599$
|}[[File:Prussa mk4.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mk4/ Prusa Mk4]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
!Price
|-
|250/210/220mm
|50um
|.4mm
|500/500/400mm
|120W
|1099$
|}
== Technologies ==
There are a couple of technologies that can significantly art the types of parts produced by Material Extrusion when compared to most baseline printers.

* '''Metal replacement''' (Bound metal deposition/Atomic diffusion): With this technology, metal particles are infused into a thermal plastic. The printed part is put through a secondary process to remove the thermal plastic leaving a smaller metal part in its place.
* '''Continuous fiber reinforcement:''' A second print head lays down continuous fiber such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar into the internal structure of a print. This gives the part stronger material properties.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

== References ==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 6.

“Material Extrusion - FDM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-extrusion</nowiki>.

Material extrusion

2023-10-12T20:45:08Z

Admin:

[[File:PXL 20230914 175310736.jpg|right|frameless|430x430px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 182737949.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 185334611.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]

== Process Description ==
Material extrusion is the most common form of additive manufacturing technology. This method works by melting or softening the material, and combining it to old layers to produce a part. Other names for it are fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling (FDM).

In fused deposition modeling, the part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually, the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Budget-friendly:''' Material extrusion technology has been around long enough that there many printers are available for a few hundred dollars or less. These allow for a low access point for those who are interested in getting into printing, but unsure of the process.
* '''Ease of use:''' Many material extrusion printers require very little training to use. Also, if there is a problem there is a significant amount of free online information to help.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Surface finish:''' Due to the way that parts are created, layer lines will almost always be visible. Typically, higher quality printers will have a betters surface finish.
* '''Need for support:''' Material extrusion printers have difficulty in printing parts with overhangs, so they need to add extra material to give a stable platform for printing. These can often be removed, but sometimes this is difficult, it creates material waste, and it negatively affects the surface finish.
* '''Warping:''' Temperature differences can cause uneven contractions in a part while it's printing, leaving a warped part. Printers with a heated bed and proper enclosure can mitigate this issue.

== Machine Ranges ==
Overall, this printing technology can produce parts of moderate size and resolution for low prices. To see a general comparison of how this technology stacks up with other technologies, see the [[Main Page|main page]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|120/68/150
|1005/1005/1005
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
|.25
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|300
|20
|-
|Price ($)
|27,475
|200
|}
[[File:Bl P1P.webp|none|thumb|[https://us.store.bambulab.com/products/p1p Bambu Lab P1P]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
|386/389/458mm
|350W
|}[[File:Prussa mk4.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mk4/ Prusa Mk4]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
|-
|250/210/220mm
|50um
|.4mm
|500/500/400mm
|120W
|}
== Technologies ==
There are a couple of technologies that can significantly art the types of parts produced by Material Extrusion when compared to most baseline printers.

* '''Metal replacement''' (Bound metal deposition/Atomic diffusion): With this technology, metal particles are infused into a thermal plastic. The printed part is put through a secondary process to remove the thermal plastic leaving a smaller metal part in its place.
* '''Continuous fiber reinforcement:''' A second print head lays down continuous fiber such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar into the internal structure of a print. This gives the part stronger material properties.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

== References ==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 6.

“Material Extrusion - FDM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-extrusion</nowiki>.

Powder Bed Fusion

2023-10-12T20:43:33Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:PXL 20230828 231728663.jpg|right|frameless|422x422px]]
Powder bed fusion is primarily used to build metal parts, although other materials may be used. Powder bed fusion works by spreading a layer of powdered material over the entire print surface and then using a laser to selectively melt sections together. Another layer is then added on top of the last and the process is repeated until the part is complete. After the part is built, it must be thoroughly cleaned and scrubbed to remove excess powder.

==Strengths & Weaknesses==

=== Strengths ===
*'''Built in support system:''' The excess powder supports the print so there's no need to add printed supports, enabling the building of more complex geometries while maintaining consistent surface finish throughout the part.
* '''Small footprint''': Powder bed fusion machines frequently have a small footprint, and can be added into most workplaces. This allows for organizations to create metal prototypes in house.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''High energy use:''' Melting metal with a laser takes significant energy.
* '''Surface finish:''' Powder bed fusion generally has a rough surface finish.
* '''Material properties:''' This process produces a weaker grain structure compared to parts cast from the same material.

[[File:PXL 20230828 232002915.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]
[[File:PXL 20230817 210159504.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]

== Machine Ranges ==

Overall, this technology can produce smaller parts with high dimensional accuracy. Powder bed fusion printers are on the more expensive side and require quotes from individual companies. Our research indicates these machines are on the order of $1,600,000.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|250/250/325
|800/400/500
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.1
|.06
|-
|layer height (um)
|120
|20
|-
|price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|}
[[File:Dmp-flex-350.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/dmp-flex-350 Dmp-flex-350]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
|-
|275/275/420mm
|60um
|.005mm
| 2370/2400/3470mm
|}[[File:SPro 230.webp|none|thumb|[https://support.3dsystems.com/s/3d-printers/spro-140-and-230?language=en_US SPro 230]<nowiki/>]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
| 386/389/458mm
|350W
|}
== Technologies ==
There are two main classes of Powder Bed Fusion printers that describe the laser process and typically indicate the type of materials it uses.

'''Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)''': This is the general term for non-metal powder bed fusion technologies. The term indicates that the heat source only adds enough energy to fuse the powder instead of fully melting it. SLS printing can provide improved capabilities when compared to material extrusion for softer materials such as as nylon or softer thermoplastics.

'''Selective Laser Melting (SLM)''': In contrast to SLS, SLM refers to processes of metal powder bed fusion. The energy added completely melts the material, making the internal structure more homogenous. This technique produces fully metal prototypes relatively easily.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 5.

“Powder Bed Fusion - DMLS, SLS, SLM, MJF, EBM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/powder-bed-fusion</nowiki>.

Vat Polymerization

2023-10-12T20:41:57Z

Admin:

== Process description==
[[File:Resin print.png|right|frameless]]
Vat polymerization was first developed by Charles Hull in 1986. This process starts with a print plate being placed on the very top of a vat filled with a photo-reactive resin. A light source is then used to cure the first layer and bond it to the bottom of the plate. The plate is then raised so that the next layer is cured directly onto the last. This is repeated until the part is complete. The part then washed and further hardened with a strong light.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''High resolution and surface finish:''' This process has the highest resolution of all additive manufacturing technologies since detail is only limited by screen resolution
*'''Clear parts:''' The material used in Vat Polymerization allows for the creation of clear parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Toxic materials:''' Most materials used in Vat Polymerization are generally extremely toxic, and should be handled with care. Protective equipment should be worn, and printing should always be done with proper ventilation to protect against toxic fumes.
* '''Weaker material properties:''' Resins that are used in this process tend to be brittle and not very tough.
* '''Post processing:''' VP parts need to be cleaned of wet resin, and cured a second time to ensure hardness and layer bonding.
*'''Resin degradation:''' Resins tend to degrade in color and strength over time, especially if exposed to environmental elements.

== Machine Ranges ==
Vat Polymerization produces relatively small parts with the highest resolution of any technologies. Printers can be affordable, or on the more expensive side, depending on the size and quality of prints desired.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|96/54/127
|380/380/250
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.05
|.003
|-
|layer height (um)
|25
|15
|-
|price ($)
|500,000
|450
|}
[[File:ProX 950.jpg|none|thumb|[https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/prox-950 ProX 950]<nowiki/>]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
! Resolution
!Size xyz
!power
|-
|1500/750/550mm
|50um
|.13mm
|2200/1600/2260mm
|1450mW
|}[[File:Form 3+.webp|none|thumb|[https://shorturl.at/ptwAX form 3+]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
! Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
|-
|145/145/145mm
|25um
|.025mm
|386/389/458mm
|250mw
|}
==Technologies==
There are two main technologies used for curing resins in Vat Polymerization printing:
* '''Digital Light Processing''' (DLP): This uses a projector to cast the entire image of each layer for curing at the same time. This process is fast but with the trade off of decreasing accuracy.
* '''Stereolithography''': This processes uses a laser to cure a single section of the layer at a time, similar to Powder Bed Fusion. This enables higher resolution parts, but is slower.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 4.

“Photopolymerization - VAT, SLA, DLP, CDLP | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/photopolymerization</nowiki>.

Direct Energy Deposition

2023-10-12T20:40:16Z

Admin:

==Process description==
[[File:Neart-net-shapes-applications-2-web.png|right|frameless|567x567px]]
Direct Energy Deposition (DED) combines welding with other technologies to produce parts through additive manufacturing. In this process, a high power heat source is used to melt and deposit a feed stock directly onto a plate (typically welding it onto a sacrificial print bed). Each layer is welded onto the last until the part is fully formed. The part must then be cut from the build plate, and post processed, usually through subtractive manufacturing such as milling, to produce a finished product.

DED also has the unique ability to modify existing metal parts. By treating the old part as the print surface, it can build out new layers, similar to printing on a traditional build plate.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Industrial scaling''': DED machines are often much larger then other print types, enabling the production of fairly large parts.
* '''Part modification''': DED has the ability to add additional features onto weldable metal parts, allowing for the combination of different manufacturing technologies or repair of broken parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''Surface finish''': Although the exact surface finish is dependent on the feed stocked, DED has very poor surface finish in general.
* '''High energy''': The constant melting of metal in the process uses very high amounts of energy.
* '''Post processing''': DED prints often need to be machined to fix geometries and surface finishes.
* '''HIgh Cost:'''

== Machine Ranges ==
DED has the ability to make large parts out of metal, however the resolution is relatively low compared to other methods.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/200/200
|5080/2794/2794
|-
|resolution (mm)
|1
| .67
|-
|layer height (um)
|1000
|800
|}
[[File:Optomec-cs250.webp|none|thumb|[https://optomec.com/lens-cs-600-system/ Lens cs 600]<nowiki/> ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
|-
|600/400/400mm
|.67mm
|2800/2700/2450mm
|2kw
|}
[[File:Modulo 250.png|none|thumb|[https://addupsolutions.com/machines/ded/ modulo 250]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
|-
|400/250/300mm
|800um
|.1mm
|386/389/458mm
|1kw
|}
==Categories of DED==
The two primary factors used to characterize DED printers is based on the type of feed stock and the type of energy source used to melt the parts

=== Feed type ===
* '''Wire fed''': Wire feeding gives a consistent flow of material to the deposition pool. This Leads to similar problems that material extrusions printers experience such as the geometry being limted to the fixed diameter of the material deposition, and a slight bulging causing bumpy surface finish
* '''Powder fed''': Powder methods enable more complex geometries to be produced by changing the amount of powder deposited in a particular area. However, not all material being deposited ends up being used, and a recycling system must be used to prevent powder waste.

=== Energy sources ===
* '''Laser''': Laser based DED systems allow for precise control over the heat source. Lasers paired with powder are capable of producing the most complex geometries in this category of AM.
* '''Plasma''': This tends to be the most energy efficient form of DED. Normally paired with wire feedstock, it is best suited for large scale manufacturing.
* '''Electron beam''': This is one of the less common energy sources for DED systems. It is very fast, however, it must be done in a vacuum, increasing costs, but reducing potential contamination of the parts.

== Technologies ==

* '''Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)''': The generic term for the combination of a plasma energy source and a wire feedstock.
* '''Powder Laser (PL)''': The generic term for a combination of a powder feed source with a laser energy source.
* '''Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS'''): A proprietary technology created by Optomec that combines a laser power source and a powder feeding system.
* '''Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM'''): A proprietary technology created by Sciaky that combines an electron beam energy source, and a wire feedstock.
* '''Rapid Plasma Deposition (RPD'''): A proprietary technology created by Norsk titanium that is an advanced version of WAAM.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 10.

“Directed Energy Deposition - DED, LENS, EBAM | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/directed-energy-deposition</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-12T20:38:13Z

Admin:

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|50
|10
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|[https://www.mimakiusa.com/products/3duj-2207/ 3duj-2207]]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
|-
|203/203/76mm
|28um
|.03mm
| 1355/1290/856mm
|350w
|}
==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

Sheet Lamination

2023-10-12T20:35:33Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:Sheet lamination part.png|right|frameless|602x602px]]
Sheet Lamination is one of the most flexible Am methods when it comes to materials, as it can accommodate any material that can be formed into a sheet. In Sheet Lamination, each layer of the print is cut out of a roll of sheet stock and stacked and bound using different material dependent processes (most commonly an adhesive).

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Speed:''' Sheet lamination need only cut out the perimeter of the each layer, instead of filling in the whole area.
* '''Large material selection''': Most materials are sheet stock that is compatible with the bonding process, so it can use a larger variety of materials than other processes.
* '''Micarta printing''': Micarta is a layered material made of adhesive and sheets of material (typically paper, linen, canvas, or carbon fiber). it is a strong light weight material and sheet lamination is a convenient way to rapidly make parts out of this material.

==== Weaknesses ====
* '''Limited geometries:''' Sheet lamination struggles with the more complex geometries.
* '''Surface finish:''' The surface finish of the part is dependent on the material used.

== Machine Ranges ==
Sheet Lamination can produce relatively high resolution parts, but not at very large sizes and at moderate layer heights.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|305/305/102
|457/449/101
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.042
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|200
|50
|}
[[File:Impossible-Objects-CBAM-25-1-450x300.png|none|thumb|[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ CBAM-25]<nowiki/> <nowiki/>]]<nowiki/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+cb<nowiki/>am<nowiki/>-25
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!max Build Rate
|-
|457/449/101mm
|50um
|.02mm
|1524/6096/1524mm
|10000 cm^3/hr
|}

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 9.

“Sheet Lamination - LOM, SL | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/sheet-lamination</nowiki>.

Sheet Lamination

2023-10-12T20:34:50Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:Sheet lamination part.png|right|frameless|602x602px]]
Sheet Lamination is one of the most flexible Am methods when it comes to materials, as it can accommodate any material that can be formed into a sheet. In Sheet Lamination, each layer of the print is cut out of a roll of sheet stock and stacked and bound using different material dependent processes (most commonly an adhesive).

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Speed:''' Sheet lamination need only cut out the perimeter of the each layer, instead of filling in the whole area.
* '''Large material selection''': Most materials are sheet stock that is compatible with the bonding process, so it can use a larger variety of materials than other processes.
* '''Micarta printing''': Micarta is a layered material made of adhesive and sheets of material (typically paper, linen, canvas, or carbon fiber). it is a strong light weight material and sheet lamination is a convenient way to rapidly make parts out of this material.

==== Weaknesses ====
* '''Limited geometries:''' Sheet lamination struggles with the more complex geometries.
* '''Surface finish:''' The surface finish of the part is dependent on the material used.

== Machine Ranges ==
Sheet Lamination can produce relatively high resolution parts, but not at very large sizes and at moderate layer heights.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|305/305/102
|457/449/101
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.042
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|200
|50
|}
[[File:Impossible-Objects-CBAM-25-1-450x300.png|none|thumb|CBAM-25<nowiki/>

<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ ht][https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ t]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ p]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ s:]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ /][https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ /w]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ w]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ w]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ .im]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ po]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ ssibl]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ e-]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ objects.com/cbam-25/]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+cbam-25
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!max Build Rate
|-
|457/449/101mm
|50um
|.02mm
|1524/6096/1524mm
|10000 cm^3/hr
|}

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 9.

“Sheet Lamination - LOM, SL | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/sheet-lamination</nowiki>.

Sheet Lamination

2023-10-12T20:34:20Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:Sheet lamination part.png|right|frameless|602x602px]]
Sheet Lamination is one of the most flexible Am methods when it comes to materials, as it can accommodate any material that can be formed into a sheet. In Sheet Lamination, each layer of the print is cut out of a roll of sheet stock and stacked and bound using different material dependent processes (most commonly an adhesive).

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Speed:''' Sheet lamination need only cut out the perimeter of the each layer, instead of filling in the whole area.
* '''Large material selection''': Most materials are sheet stock that is compatible with the bonding process, so it can use a larger variety of materials than other processes.
* '''Micarta printing''': Micarta is a layered material made of adhesive and sheets of material (typically paper, linen, canvas, or carbon fiber). it is a strong light weight material and sheet lamination is a convenient way to rapidly make parts out of this material.

==== Weaknesses ====
* '''Limited geometries:''' Sheet lamination struggles with the more complex geometries.
* '''Surface finish:''' The surface finish of the part is dependent on the material used.

== Machine Ranges ==
Sheet Lamination can produce relatively high resolution parts, but not at very large sizes and at moderate layer heights.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|305/305/102
|457/449/101
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.042
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|200
|50
|}
[[File:Impossible-Objects-CBAM-25-1-450x300.png|none|thumb|CBAM-25<nowiki/> [https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ ht]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ tps:/]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ /www.im]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ possible-objects.com/cbam-25/]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+cbam-25
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!max Build Rate
|-
|457/449/101mm
|50um
|.02mm
|1524/6096/1524mm
|10000 cm^3/hr
|}

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 9.

“Sheet Lamination - LOM, SL | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/sheet-lamination</nowiki>.

Sheet Lamination

2023-10-12T20:34:04Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:Sheet lamination part.png|right|frameless|602x602px]]
Sheet Lamination is one of the most flexible Am methods when it comes to materials, as it can accommodate any material that can be formed into a sheet. In Sheet Lamination, each layer of the print is cut out of a roll of sheet stock and stacked and bound using different material dependent processes (most commonly an adhesive).

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Speed:''' Sheet lamination need only cut out the perimeter of the each layer, instead of filling in the whole area.
* '''Large material selection''': Most materials are sheet stock that is compatible with the bonding process, so it can use a larger variety of materials than other processes.
* '''Micarta printing''': Micarta is a layered material made of adhesive and sheets of material (typically paper, linen, canvas, or carbon fiber). it is a strong light weight material and sheet lamination is a convenient way to rapidly make parts out of this material.

==== Weaknesses ====
* '''Limited geometries:''' Sheet lamination struggles with the more complex geometries.
* '''Surface finish:''' The surface finish of the part is dependent on the material used.

== Machine Ranges ==
Sheet Lamination can produce relatively high resolution parts, but not at very large sizes and at moderate layer heights.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|305/305/102
|457/449/101
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.042
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|200
|50
|}
[[File:Impossible-Objects-CBAM-25-1-450x300.png|none|thumb|CBAM-25<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ https:/]<nowiki/>[https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/ /www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+cbam-25
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!max Build Rate
|-
|457/449/101mm
|50um
|.02mm
|1524/6096/1524mm
|10000 cm^3/hr
|}

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 9.

“Sheet Lamination - LOM, SL | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/sheet-lamination</nowiki>.

Sheet Lamination

2023-10-12T20:33:00Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:Sheet lamination part.png|right|frameless|602x602px]]
Sheet Lamination is one of the most flexible Am methods when it comes to materials, as it can accommodate any material that can be formed into a sheet. In Sheet Lamination, each layer of the print is cut out of a roll of sheet stock and stacked and bound using different material dependent processes (most commonly an adhesive).

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Speed:''' Sheet lamination need only cut out the perimeter of the each layer, instead of filling in the whole area.
* '''Large material selection''': Most materials are sheet stock that is compatible with the bonding process, so it can use a larger variety of materials than other processes.
* '''Micarta printing''': Micarta is a layered material made of adhesive and sheets of material (typically paper, linen, canvas, or carbon fiber). it is a strong light weight material and sheet lamination is a convenient way to rapidly make parts out of this material.

==== Weaknesses ====
* '''Limited geometries:''' Sheet lamination struggles with the more complex geometries.
* '''Surface finish:''' The surface finish of the part is dependent on the material used.

== Machine Ranges ==
Sheet Lamination can produce relatively high resolution parts, but not at very large sizes and at moderate layer heights.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|305/305/102
|457/449/101
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.042
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|200
|50
|}
[[File:Impossible-Objects-CBAM-25-1-450x300.png|none|thumb|CBAM-25<nowiki/>https://www.impossible-objects.com/cbam-25/]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+cbam-25
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!max Build Rate
|-
|457/449/101mm
|50um
|.02mm
|1524/6096/1524mm
|10000 cm^3/hr
|}

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 9.

“Sheet Lamination - LOM, SL | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/sheet-lamination</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-12T20:31:29Z

Admin:

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|50
|10
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|3duj-2207]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
|-
|203/203/76mm
|28um
|.03mm
| 1355/1290/856mm
|350w
|}
==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

Direct Energy Deposition

2023-10-12T19:40:29Z

Admin:

==Process description==
[[File:Neart-net-shapes-applications-2-web.png|right|frameless|567x567px]]
Direct Energy Deposition (DED) combines welding with other technologies to produce parts through additive manufacturing. In this process, a high power heat source is used to melt and deposit a feed stock directly onto a plate (typically welding it onto a sacrificial print bed). Each layer is welded onto the last until the part is fully formed. The part must then be cut from the build plate, and post processed, usually through subtractive manufacturing such as milling, to produce a finished product.

DED also has the unique ability to modify existing metal parts. By treating the old part as the print surface, it can build out new layers, similar to printing on a traditional build plate.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Industrial scaling''': DED machines are often much larger then other print types, enabling the production of fairly large parts.
* '''Part modification''': DED has the ability to add additional features onto weldable metal parts, allowing for the combination of different manufacturing technologies or repair of broken parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''Surface finish''': Although the exact surface finish is dependent on the feed stocked, DED has very poor surface finish in general.
* '''High energy''': The constant melting of metal in the process uses very high amounts of energy.
* '''Post processing''': DED prints often need to be machined to fix geometries and surface finishes.
* '''HIgh Cost:'''

== Machine Ranges ==
DED has the ability to make large parts out of metal, however the resolution is relatively low compared to other methods.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/200/200
|5080/2794/2794
|-
|resolution (mm)
|1
| .67
|-
|layer height (um)
|1000
|800
|}
[[File:Optomec-cs250.webp|none|thumb|Lens cs 600<nowiki/> ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
|-
|600/400/400mm
|.67mm
|2800/2700/2450mm
|2kw
|}
[[File:Modulo 250.png|none|thumb|modulo 250]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
|-
|400/250/300mm
|800um
|.1mm
|386/389/458mm
|1kw
|}
==Categories of DED==
The two primary factors used to characterize DED printers is based on the type of feed stock and the type of energy source used to melt the parts

=== Feed type ===
* '''Wire fed''': Wire feeding gives a consistent flow of material to the deposition pool. This Leads to similar problems that material extrusions printers experience such as the geometry being limted to the fixed diameter of the material deposition, and a slight bulging causing bumpy surface finish
* '''Powder fed''': Powder methods enable more complex geometries to be produced by changing the amount of powder deposited in a particular area. However, not all material being deposited ends up being used, and a recycling system must be used to prevent powder waste.

=== Energy sources ===
* '''Laser''': Laser based DED systems allow for precise control over the heat source. Lasers paired with powder are capable of producing the most complex geometries in this category of AM.
* '''Plasma''': This tends to be the most energy efficient form of DED. Normally paired with wire feedstock, it is best suited for large scale manufacturing.
* '''Electron beam''': This is one of the less common energy sources for DED systems. It is very fast, however, it must be done in a vacuum, increasing costs, but reducing potential contamination of the parts.

== Technologies ==

* '''Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)''': The generic term for the combination of a plasma energy source and a wire feedstock.
* '''Powder Laser (PL)''': The generic term for a combination of a powder feed source with a laser energy source.
* '''Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS'''): A proprietary technology created by Optomec that combines a laser power source and a powder feeding system.
* '''Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM'''): A proprietary technology created by Sciaky that combines an electron beam energy source, and a wire feedstock.
* '''Rapid Plasma Deposition (RPD'''): A proprietary technology created by Norsk titanium that is an advanced version of WAAM.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 10.

“Directed Energy Deposition - DED, LENS, EBAM | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/directed-energy-deposition</nowiki>.

Material extrusion

2023-10-12T19:20:06Z

Admin:

[[File:PXL 20230914 175310736.jpg|right|frameless|430x430px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 182737949.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]
[[File:PXL 20230914 185334611.jpg|right|frameless|429x429px]]

== Process Description ==
Material extrusion is the most common form of additive manufacturing technology. This method works by melting or softening the material, and combining it to old layers to produce a part. Other names for it are fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling (FDM).

In fused deposition modeling, the part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually, the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Budget-friendly:''' Material extrusion technology has been around long enough that there many printers are available for a few hundred dollars or less. These allow for a low access point for those who are interested in getting into printing, but unsure of the process.
* '''Ease of use:''' Many material extrusion printers require very little training to use. Also, if there is a problem there is a significant amount of free online information to help.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Surface finish:''' Due to the way that parts are created, layer lines will almost always be visible. Typically, higher quality printers will have a betters surface finish.
* '''Need for support:''' Material extrusion printers have difficulty in printing parts with overhangs, so they need to add extra material to give a stable platform for printing. These can often be removed, but sometimes this is difficult, it creates material waste, and it negatively affects the surface finish.
* '''Warping:''' Temperature differences can cause uneven contractions in a part while it's printing, leaving a warped part. Printers with a heated bed and proper enclosure can mitigate this issue.

== Machine Ranges ==
Overall, this printing technology can produce parts of moderate size and resolution for low prices. To see a general comparison of how this technology stacks up with other technologies, see the [[Main Page|main page]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|Volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|120/68/150
|1005/1005/1005
|-
|Resolution (mm)
|1
|.25
|-
|Layer Height (um)
|300
|20
|-
|Price ($)
|27,475
|200
|}
[[File:Bl P1P.webp|none|thumb|Bambu Lab P1P

https://us.store.bambulab.com/products/p1p]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
|386/389/458mm
|350W
|}[[File:Prussa mk4.jpg|none|thumb|https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mk4/]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
! Power
|-
|250/210/220mm
|50um
|.4mm
|500/500/400mm
|120W
|}
== Technologies ==
There are a couple of technologies that can significantly art the types of parts produced by Material Extrusion when compared to most baseline printers.

* '''Metal replacement''' (Bound metal deposition/Atomic diffusion): With this technology, metal particles are infused into a thermal plastic. The printed part is put through a secondary process to remove the thermal plastic leaving a smaller metal part in its place.
* '''Continuous fiber reinforcement:''' A second print head lays down continuous fiber such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar into the internal structure of a print. This gives the part stronger material properties.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

== References ==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 6.

“Material Extrusion - FDM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-extrusion</nowiki>.

Powder Bed Fusion

2023-10-12T19:20:02Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:PXL 20230828 231728663.jpg|right|frameless|422x422px]]
Powder bed fusion is primarily used to build metal parts, although other materials may be used. Powder bed fusion works by spreading a layer of powdered material over the entire print surface and then using a laser to selectively melt sections together. Another layer is then added on top of the last and the process is repeated until the part is complete. After the part is built, it must be thoroughly cleaned and scrubbed to remove excess powder.

==Strengths & Weaknesses==

=== Strengths ===
*'''Built in support system:''' The excess powder supports the print so there's no need to add printed supports, enabling the building of more complex geometries while maintaining consistent surface finish throughout the part.
* '''Small footprint''': Powder bed fusion machines frequently have a small footprint, and can be added into most workplaces. This allows for organizations to create metal prototypes in house.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''High energy use:''' Melting metal with a laser takes significant energy.
* '''Surface finish:''' Powder bed fusion generally has a rough surface finish.
* '''Material properties:''' This process produces a weaker grain structure compared to parts cast from the same material.

[[File:PXL 20230828 232002915.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]
[[File:PXL 20230817 210159504.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]

== Machine Ranges ==

Overall, this technology can produce smaller parts with high dimensional accuracy. Powder bed fusion printers are on the more expensive side and require quotes from individual companies. Our research indicates these machines are on the order of $1,600,000.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|250/250/325
|800/400/500
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.1
|.06
|-
|layer height (um)
|120
|20
|-
|price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|}
[[File:Dmp-flex-350.webp|none|thumb|Dmp-flex-350]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
|-
|275/275/420mm
|60um
|.005mm
| 2370/2400/3470mm
|}[[File:SPro 230.webp|none|thumb|SPro 230<nowiki/>https://support.3dsystems.com/s/3d-printers/spro-140-and-230?language=en_US]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
!Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
| 386/389/458mm
|350W
|}
== Technologies ==
There are two main classes of Powder Bed Fusion printers that describe the laser process and typically indicate the type of materials it uses.

'''Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)''': This is the general term for non-metal powder bed fusion technologies. The term indicates that the heat source only adds enough energy to fuse the powder instead of fully melting it. SLS printing can provide improved capabilities when compared to material extrusion for softer materials such as as nylon or softer thermoplastics.

'''Selective Laser Melting (SLM)''': In contrast to SLS, SLM refers to processes of metal powder bed fusion. The energy added completely melts the material, making the internal structure more homogenous. This technique produces fully metal prototypes relatively easily.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 5.

“Powder Bed Fusion - DMLS, SLS, SLM, MJF, EBM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/powder-bed-fusion</nowiki>.

Vat Polymerization

2023-10-12T19:19:59Z

Admin:

== Process description==
[[File:Resin print.png|right|frameless]]
Vat polymerization was first developed by Charles Hull in 1986. This process starts with a print plate being placed on the very top of a vat filled with a photo-reactive resin. A light source is then used to cure the first layer and bond it to the bottom of the plate. The plate is then raised so that the next layer is cured directly onto the last. This is repeated until the part is complete. The part then washed and further hardened with a strong light.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''High resolution and surface finish:''' This process has the highest resolution of all additive manufacturing technologies since detail is only limited by screen resolution
*'''Clear parts:''' The material used in Vat Polymerization allows for the creation of clear parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Toxic materials:''' Most materials used in Vat Polymerization are generally extremely toxic, and should be handled with care. Protective equipment should be worn, and printing should always be done with proper ventilation to protect against toxic fumes.
* '''Weaker material properties:''' Resins that are used in this process tend to be brittle and not very tough.
* '''Post processing:''' VP parts need to be cleaned of wet resin, and cured a second time to ensure hardness and layer bonding.
*'''Resin degradation:''' Resins tend to degrade in color and strength over time, especially if exposed to environmental elements.

== Machine Ranges ==
Vat Polymerization produces relatively small parts with the highest resolution of any technologies. Printers can be affordable, or on the more expensive side, depending on the size and quality of prints desired.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|96/54/127
|380/380/250
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.05
|.003
|-
|layer height (um)
|25
|15
|-
|price ($)
|500,000
|450
|}
[[File:ProX 950.jpg|none|thumb|ProX 950<nowiki/>https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/prox-950]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build Volume
!Layer Height
! Resolution
!Size xyz
!power
|-
|1500/750/550mm
|50um
|.13mm
|2200/1600/2260mm
|1450mW
|}[[File:Form 3+.webp|none|thumb|form 3+https://shorturl.at/ptwAX]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!Layer Height
! Resolution
!Size xyz
!Power
|-
|145/145/145mm
|25um
|.025mm
|386/389/458mm
|250mw
|}
==Technologies==
There are two main technologies used for curing resins in Vat Polymerization printing:
* '''Digital Light Processing''' (DLP): This uses a projector to cast the entire image of each layer for curing at the same time. This process is fast but with the trade off of decreasing accuracy.
* '''Stereolithography''': This processes uses a laser to cure a single section of the layer at a time, similar to Powder Bed Fusion. This enables higher resolution parts, but is slower.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 4.

“Photopolymerization - VAT, SLA, DLP, CDLP | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/photopolymerization</nowiki>.

Main Page

2023-10-11T21:57:09Z

Admin: /* Categories */

== What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)? ==
3D printing - also referred to as additive manufacturing - has enabled the manufacturing of complex geometries to the final shape without need for additional specialized tools, devices, or jigs. Additive manufacturing works by joining layers of material sequentially one on the other, to build any unique final form. Whether it's extruding filament through a nozzle, melting metal powder, or curing resin with UV light. There are many different types of additive manufacturing technologies that might not necessarily look alike, but they all create parts by adding material in layers. The most common materials used in additive manufacturing are plastics and metals. The equipment typically costs less than subtractive manufacturing, and various material properties are available for many 3D printing operations.

In contrast, subtractive manufacturing involves material removal with turning, milling, drilling, grinding, cutting, and boring. This process starts with a larger piece of stock and then material is removed until the final part is revealed. Some examples of subtractive manufacturing include laser cutting, waterjet cutting, CNC Machining Centers, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), and abrading.

The AM cycle starts with designing the part or assembly in 3D CAD, or three-dimensional computer-aided design, software. The part is then converted into a triangular mesh that defines its interior and exterior surfaces, commonly known as an STL file. The STL file is then imported into a program that allows the user to manipulate the mesh and define the parameters for the AM process. This program then takes all the user-defined parameters and generating a tool path for each layer of the print, called slicing. These tool paths are then exported to the machine and the part is made. Understanding this workflow is an important factor when designing parts for additive manufacturing because of the different challenges that come with producing a quality part.

==Why choose additive manufacturing?==
Additive manufacturing is not a drop-in replacement for any manufacturing process, however a number of different industries such as aircraft, dental, medical, and automotive have turned to additive manufacturing technologies for a number of advantages. Additive manufacturing can be used to design prototypes prior to mass production, customize parts to individual users or setups, quickly create parts for small a production run, or build extremely unusual shapes that are not feasible to manufacture with traditional methods.

Additive manufacturing is most useful for those who need the following.

#Parts with complex geometries: The way additive manufacturing builds can create parts that would either be expensive or impossible with traditional manufacturing techniques.
#In-house custom parts: Additive manufacturing allows for rapid progress from cad to fully realized parts without the need of a specialized manufacturer. This enables organizations to easily create iterative prototypes and small-scale manufacturing of custom parts for clients.
#Specific material properties: The variety of materials available in AM allows for control of various material properties such as strength, stiffness, and toughness. Materials and techniques also allow for more specific properties like food-safe, chemically resistant, and UV reactivity.

== Categories ==

The generally accepted system for sorting additive manufacturing technologies was created by the [https://www.iso.org/home.html international standards organization] (ISO). This systems sorts printers into seven categories based on how they join material together.

* [[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]: general purpose low cost polymer printing
* [[Powder Bed Fusion]]: small scale metal prototyping/ specialized polymer printing
* [[Vat Polymerization]]: fine detail resin printing
* [[Direct Energy Deposition]]: large scale metal printing
* [[Binder Jetting]]: low energy polymer printing/multi color printing
* [[Material Jetting]]: high precision polymer prints/ wax casting blanks
* [[Sheet Lamination]]: rapid production of simple parts
Each category has different strengths and weaknesses when compared with the other additive manufacturing categories. Below is a table populated by observing the range of capabilities within the AM database created by PSU, OIT, and OMIC in Phase 1 of this project. More detailed information on the different categories can be found on the individual webpages, and a more direct comparison can be made between different machines and the potential cost of making parts on those machines can be done using the AM database.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties by Category
!Type
!Volume (L)
!XY Resolution (mm)
!Layer height (um)
!Materials
!Footprint (m^2)
!Energy use
!Surface finsih
|-
|Material Extrusion
|1.224 - 1000
|0.25 - 1
|20 - 300
|Thermoplastics, some metals
|.1-1
|Medium
|Medium
|-
|Powder Bed Fusion
|20 - 160
|0.06 - 0.1
|20 - 120
|Metals, Thermoplastics
|1-10
|High
|Medium
|-
|Vat Polymerization
|0.65 - 36
|0.003 - 0.05
|15 - 25
|Resins
|.05-1
|Low
|Best
|-
|Direct energy depostion
|8 - 40,000
|0.67 - 1
|800 - 1000
|Metals
|4-12
|High
|Poor
|-
|Binder Jetting
|20 - 160
|0.03 - 0.5
|80 - 100
|Plastics, Metals, Concrete, Wood
|1-4
|Low
|Medium
|-
|Material Jetting
|.8 - 3,000
|.02 - .03
|10 - 50
|Thermoplastics, Resins, Wax
|1-6
|Low
|High
|-
|Sheet lamintion
|9 - 20
|.02 - .042
|50 - 200
|Plastics, Metals, Wood
|3-12
|Medium
|Poor
|}
Parts created through AM technologies have standards that apply to them, similarly to parts created using other technologies. These include Mechanical Testing, Design, Precursor Material, Process and Control, Post Processing, Qualification and Vertification, Nondestructive Evaluation, and Maintenance and Repair. A [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wTo78i2y23a_z90w1knmXU3aXxdiXiPH/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=112155835546453592882&rtpof=true&sd=true detailed document on AM standards] was produced in Phase 1 of the project.

== References ==
Rosen, David, Brent Stucker, and Mahyar Khorasani. Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Third edition. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021.

“3D Printing - Additive | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/3D-printing</nowiki>.

Main Page

2023-10-11T21:24:42Z

Admin: /* Categories */

== What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)? ==
3D printing - also referred to as additive manufacturing - has enabled the manufacturing of complex geometries to the final shape without need for additional specialized tools, devices, or jigs. Additive manufacturing works by joining layers of material sequentially one on the other, to build any unique final form. Whether it's extruding filament through a nozzle, melting metal powder, or curing resin with UV light. There are many different types of additive manufacturing technologies that might not necessarily look alike, but they all create parts by adding material in layers. The most common materials used in additive manufacturing are plastics and metals. The equipment typically costs less than subtractive manufacturing, and various material properties are available for many 3D printing operations.

In contrast, subtractive manufacturing involves material removal with turning, milling, drilling, grinding, cutting, and boring. This process starts with a larger piece of stock and then material is removed until the final part is revealed. Some examples of subtractive manufacturing include laser cutting, waterjet cutting, CNC Machining Centers, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), and abrading.

The AM cycle starts with designing the part or assembly in 3D CAD, or three-dimensional computer-aided design, software. The part is then converted into a triangular mesh that defines its interior and exterior surfaces, commonly known as an STL file. The STL file is then imported into a program that allows the user to manipulate the mesh and define the parameters for the AM process. This program then takes all the user-defined parameters and generating a tool path for each layer of the print, called slicing. These tool paths are then exported to the machine and the part is made. Understanding this workflow is an important factor when designing parts for additive manufacturing because of the different challenges that come with producing a quality part.

==Why choose additive manufacturing?==
Additive manufacturing is not a drop-in replacement for any manufacturing process, however a number of different industries such as aircraft, dental, medical, and automotive have turned to additive manufacturing technologies for a number of advantages. Additive manufacturing can be used to design prototypes prior to mass production, customize parts to individual users or setups, quickly create parts for small a production run, or build extremely unusual shapes that are not feasible to manufacture with traditional methods.

Additive manufacturing is most useful for those who need the following.

#Parts with complex geometries: The way additive manufacturing builds can create parts that would either be expensive or impossible with traditional manufacturing techniques.
#In-house custom parts: Additive manufacturing allows for rapid progress from cad to fully realized parts without the need of a specialized manufacturer. This enables organizations to easily create iterative prototypes and small-scale manufacturing of custom parts for clients.
#Specific material properties: The variety of materials available in AM allows for control of various material properties such as strength, stiffness, and toughness. Materials and techniques also allow for more specific properties like food-safe, chemically resistant, and UV reactivity.

== Categories ==

The generally accepted system for sorting additive manufacturing technologies was created by the [https://www.iso.org/home.html international standards organization] (ISO). This systems sorts printers into seven categories based on how they join material together.

A document of AM standard's can be found [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wTo78i2y23a_z90w1knmXU3aXxdiXiPH/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=112155835546453592882&rtpof=true&sd=true here]

* [[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]: general purpose low cost polymer printing
* [[Powder Bed Fusion]]: small scale metal prototyping/ specialized polymer printing
* [[Vat Polymerization]]: fine detail resin printing
* [[Direct Energy Deposition]]: large scale metal printing
* [[Binder Jetting]]: low energy polymer printing/multi color printing
* [[Material Jetting]]: high precision polymer prints/ wax casting blanks
* [[Sheet Lamination]]: rapid production of simple parts
Each category has different strengths and weaknesses when compared with the other additive manufacturing categories. Below is a table populated by observing the range of capabilities within the AM database created by PSU, OIT, and OMIC in Phase 1 of this project. More detailed information on the different categories can be found on the individual webpages, and a more direct comparison can be made between different machines and the potential cost of making parts on those machines can be done using the AM database.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties by Category
!Type
!Volume (L)
!XY Resolution (mm)
!Layer height (um)
!Materials
!Footprint (m^2)
!Energy use
!Surface finsih
|-
|Material Extrusion
|1.224 - 1000
|0.25 - 1
|20 - 300
|Thermoplastics, some metals
|.1-1
|Medium
|Medium
|-
|Powder Bed Fusion
|20 - 160
|0.06 - 0.1
|20 - 120
|Metals, Thermoplastics
|1-10
|High
|Medium
|-
|Vat Polymerization
|0.65 - 36
|0.003 - 0.05
|15 - 25
|Resins
|.05-1
|Low
|Best
|-
|Direct energy depostion
|8 - 40,000
|0.67 - 1
|800 - 1000
|Metals
|4-12
|High
|Poor
|-
|Binder Jetting
|20 - 160
|0.03 - 0.5
|80 - 100
|Plastics, Metals, Concrete, Wood
|1-4
|Low
|Medium
|-
|Material Jetting
|.8 - 3,000
|.02 - .03
|10 - 50
|Thermoplastics, Resins, Wax
|1-6
|Low
|High
|-
|Sheet lamintion
|9 - 20
|.02 - .042
|50 - 200
|Plastics, Metals, Wood
|3-12
|Medium
|Poor
|}

== References ==
Rosen, David, Brent Stucker, and Mahyar Khorasani. Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Third edition. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021.

“3D Printing - Additive | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/3D-printing</nowiki>.

Main Page

2023-10-11T17:49:38Z

Admin:

== What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)? ==
3D printing - also referred to as additive manufacturing - has enabled the manufacturing of complex geometries to the final shape without need for additional specialized tools, devices, or jigs. Additive manufacturing works by joining layers of material sequentially one on the other, to build any unique final form. Whether it's extruding filament through a nozzle, melting metal powder, or curing resin with UV light. There are many different types of additive manufacturing technologies that might not necessarily look alike, but they all create parts by adding material in layers. The most common materials used in additive manufacturing are plastics and metals. The equipment typically costs less than subtractive manufacturing, and various material properties are available for many 3D printing operations.

In contrast, subtractive manufacturing involves material removal with turning, milling, drilling, grinding, cutting, and boring. This process starts with a larger piece of stock and then material is removed until the final part is revealed. Some examples of subtractive manufacturing include laser cutting, waterjet cutting, CNC Machining Centers, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), and abrading.

The AM cycle starts with designing the part or assembly in 3D CAD, or three-dimensional computer-aided design, software. The part is then converted into a triangular mesh that defines its interior and exterior surfaces, commonly known as an STL file. The STL file is then imported into a program that allows the user to manipulate the mesh and define the parameters for the AM process. This program then takes all the user-defined parameters and generating a tool path for each layer of the print, called slicing. These tool paths are then exported to the machine and the part is made. Understanding this workflow is an important factor when designing parts for additive manufacturing because of the different challenges that come with producing a quality part.

==Why choose additive manufacturing?==
Additive manufacturing is not a drop-in replacement for any manufacturing process, however a number of different industries such as aircraft, dental, medical, and automotive have turned to additive manufacturing technologies for a number of advantages. Additive manufacturing can be used to design prototypes prior to mass production, customize parts to individual users or setups, quickly create parts for small a production run, or build extremely unusual shapes that are not feasible to manufacture with traditional methods.

Additive manufacturing is most useful for those who need the following.

#Parts with complex geometries: The way additive manufacturing builds can create parts that would either be expensive or impossible with traditional manufacturing techniques.
#In-house custom parts: Additive manufacturing allows for rapid progress from cad to fully realized parts without the need of a specialized manufacturer. This enables organizations to easily create iterative prototypes and small-scale manufacturing of custom parts for clients.
#Specific material properties: The variety of materials available in AM allows for control of various material properties such as strength, stiffness, and toughness. Materials and techniques also allow for more specific properties like food-safe, chemically resistant, and UV reactivity.

== Categories ==

The generally accepted system for sorting additive manufacturing technologies was created by the [https://www.iso.org/home.html international standards organization] (ISO). This systems sorts printers into seven categories based on how they join material together.

A document of AM standard's can be found [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wTo78i2y23a_z90w1knmXU3aXxdiXiPH/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=112155835546453592882&rtpof=true&sd=true here]

* [[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]: general purpose low cost polymer printing
* [[Powder Bed Fusion]]: small scale metal prototyping/ specialized polymer printing
* [[Vat Polymerization]]: fine detail resin printing
* [[Direct Energy Deposition]]: large scale metal printing
* [[Binder Jetting]]: low energy polymer printing/multi color printing
* [[Material Jetting]]: high precision polymer prints/ wax casting blanks
* [[Sheet Lamination]]: rapid production of simple parts
Each category has different strengths and weaknesses when compared with the other additive manufacturing categories. Below is a table populated by observing the range of capabilities within the AM database created by PSU, OIT, and OMIC in Phase 1 of this project. More detailed information on the different categories can be found on the individual webpages, and a more direct comparison can be made between different machines and the potential cost of making parts on those machines can be done using the AM database.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties by Category
!Type
!Volume (L)
!Resolution (mm)
!Layer height (um)
!Materials
!Footprint (m^2)
!Energy use
!Surface finsih
|-
|Material Extrusion
|1.224 - 1000
|0.25 - 1
|20 - 300
|Thermoplastics, some metals
|.1-1
|Medium
|Medium
|-
|Powder Bed Fusion
|20 - 160
|0.06 - 0.1
|20 - 120
|Metals, Thermoplastics
|1-10
|High
|Medium
|-
|Vat Polymerization
|0.65 - 36
|0.003 - 0.05
|15 - 25
|Resins
|.05-1
|Low
|Best
|-
|Direct energy depostion
|8 - 40,000
|0.67 - 1
|800 - 1000
|Metals
|4-12
|High
|Poor
|-
|Binder Jetting
|20 - 160
|0.03 - 0.5
|80 - 100
|Plastics, Metals, Concrete, Wood
|1-4
|Low
|Medium
|-
|Material Jetting
|.8 - 3,000
|.02 - .03
|10 - 50
|Thermoplastics, Resins, Wax
|1-6
|Low
|High
|-
|Sheet lamintion
|9 - 20
|.02 - .042
|50 - 200
|Plastics, Metals, Wood
|3-12
|Medium
|Poor
|}

== References ==
Rosen, David, Brent Stucker, and Mahyar Khorasani. Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Third edition. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021.

“3D Printing - Additive | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/3D-printing</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-11T17:42:57Z

Admin:

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|50
|10
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|3duj-2207]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
! Power
|-
|203/203/76mm
|28um
|.03mm
| 1355/1290/856mm
|350w
|}
==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

Material Jetting

2023-10-11T17:38:57Z

Admin:

==Process description==
Material Jetting is an advanced extension of ink jet tech used by conventional 2D printers. A print head deposits a small amount of either liquid or particles which is fused to the rest of the print using different methods depending on the material type. This process is most often used with a UV curable resin, but processes also exist for metals and ceramics.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Resolution:''' High precision print heads allow for very fine detail.
* '''Multi-material printing:''' Multiple jets in the print head make it possible to print multiple materials together.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Supports required:''' Supports are required for overhangs.
* '''Post processing:''' Parts often require a second cure to fully harden.
* '''Limited materials:''' Material Jetting printing is limited to waxes and photopolymers.
* '''Slow print times:''' Since very little material is placed down at a time, production times can be very slow.

== Machine Ranges ==
Material Jetting is capable of producing high resolution parts at large sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/100/40
|1450/1110/1800
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.03
|.02
|-
|layer height (um)
|50
|10
|}
[[File:3duj-2207.webp|none|thumb|3duj-2207]]

==Technologies==
'''Nano Particle Jetting (NPJ):''' A proprietary process created by XJet that involves suspending metal or ceramic particles into a suspension material. After printing, the part is put through a sintering step leaving a metal or ceramic part.

'''Supersonic Paricle Deposition (SPD):''' Also known as cold spraying, this process accelerates metal particles to high speeds such that they bind to each other.

'''Gel Dispensing Printing (GDP):''' A proprietary process created by Massivit that uses a UV resin gel.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]
==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 7.

“Material Jetting - MJ, NPJ, DOD | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/material-jetting</nowiki>.

File:3duj-2207.webp

2023-10-11T17:38:27Z

Admin:

3duj-2207

Direct Energy Deposition

2023-10-11T17:32:32Z

Admin:

==Process description==
[[File:Neart-net-shapes-applications-2-web.png|right|frameless|567x567px]]
Direct Energy Deposition (DED) combines welding with other technologies to produce parts through additive manufacturing. In this process, a high power heat source is used to melt and deposit a feed stock directly onto a plate (typically welding it onto a sacrificial print bed). Each layer is welded onto the last until the part is fully formed. The part must then be cut from the build plate, and post processed, usually through subtractive manufacturing such as milling, to produce a finished product.

DED also has the unique ability to modify existing metal parts. By treating the old part as the print surface, it can build out new layers, similar to printing on a traditional build plate.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''Industrial scaling''': DED machines are often much larger then other print types, enabling the production of fairly large parts.
* '''Part modification''': DED has the ability to add additional features onto weldable metal parts, allowing for the combination of different manufacturing technologies or repair of broken parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''Surface finish''': Although the exact surface finish is dependent on the feed stocked, DED has very poor surface finish in general.
* '''High energy''': The constant melting of metal in the process uses very high amounts of energy.
* '''Post processing''': DED prints often need to be machined to fix geometries and surface finishes.
* '''HIgh Cost:'''

== Machine Ranges ==
DED has the ability to make large parts out of metal, however the resolution is relatively low compared to other methods.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|200/200/200
|5080/2794/2794
|-
|resolution (mm)
|1
| .67
|-
|layer height (um)
|1000
|800
|}
[[File:Optomec-cs250.webp|none|thumb|Lens cs 600<nowiki/> ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!resolution
!size xyz
!power
|-
|600/400/400mm
|.67mm
|2800/2700/2450mm
|2kw
|}
[[File:Modulo 250.png|none|thumb|modulo 250]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
!power
|-
|400/250/300mm
|800um
|.1mm
|386/389/458mm
|1kw
|}
==Categories of DED==
The two primary factors used to characterize DED printers is based on the type of feed stock and the type of energy source used to melt the parts

=== Feed type ===
* '''Wire fed''': Wire feeding gives a consistent flow of material to the deposition pool. This Leads to similar problems that material extrusions printers experience such as the geometry being limted to the fixed diameter of the material deposition, and a slight bulging causing bumpy surface finish
* '''Powder fed''': Powder methods enable more complex geometries to be produced by changing the amount of powder deposited in a particular area. However, not all material being deposited ends up being used, and a recycling system must be used to prevent powder waste.

=== Energy sources ===
* '''Laser''': Laser based DED systems allow for precise control over the heat source. Lasers paired with powder are capable of producing the most complex geometries in this category of AM.
* '''Plasma''': This tends to be the most energy efficient form of DED. Normally paired with wire feedstock, it is best suited for large scale manufacturing.
* '''Electron beam''': This is one of the less common energy sources for DED systems. It is very fast, however, it must be done in a vacuum, increasing costs, but reducing potential contamination of the parts.

== Technologies ==

* '''Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)''': The generic term for the combination of a plasma energy source and a wire feedstock.
* '''Powder Laser (PL)''': The generic term for a combination of a powder feed source with a laser energy source.
* '''Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS'''): A proprietary technology created by Optomec that combines a laser power source and a powder feeding system.
* '''Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM'''): A proprietary technology created by Sciaky that combines an electron beam energy source, and a wire feedstock.
* '''Rapid Plasma Deposition (RPD'''): A proprietary technology created by Norsk titanium that is an advanced version of WAAM.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 10.

“Directed Energy Deposition - DED, LENS, EBAM | Make.” Accessed August 10, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/directed-energy-deposition</nowiki>.

File:Modulo 250.png

2023-10-11T17:30:39Z

Admin:

modulo 250

Vat Polymerization

2023-10-11T17:10:23Z

Admin:

== Process description==
[[File:Resin print.png|right|frameless]]
Vat polymerization was first developed by Charles Hull in 1986. This process starts with a print plate being placed on the very top of a vat filled with a photo-reactive resin. A light source is then used to cure the first layer and bond it to the bottom of the plate. The plate is then raised so that the next layer is cured directly onto the last. This is repeated until the part is complete. The part then washed and further hardened with a strong light.

== Strengths & Weaknesses ==

=== Strengths ===
* '''High resolution and surface finish:''' This process has the highest resolution of all additive manufacturing technologies since detail is only limited by screen resolution
*'''Clear parts:''' The material used in Vat Polymerization allows for the creation of clear parts.

=== Weaknesses ===
* '''Toxic materials:''' Most materials used in Vat Polymerization are generally extremely toxic, and should be handled with care. Protective equipment should be worn, and printing should always be done with proper ventilation to protect against toxic fumes.
* '''Weaker material properties:''' Resins that are used in this process tend to be brittle and not very tough.
* '''Post processing:''' VP parts need to be cleaned of wet resin, and cured a second time to ensure hardness and layer bonding.
*'''Resin degradation:''' Resins tend to degrade in color and strength over time, especially if exposed to environmental elements.

== Machine Ranges ==
Vat Polymerization produces relatively small parts with the highest resolution of any technologies. Printers can be affordable, or on the more expensive side, depending on the size and quality of prints desired.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|96/54/127
|380/380/250
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.05
|.003
|-
|layer height (um)
|25
|15
|-
|price ($)
|500,000
|450
|}
[[File:ProX 950.jpg|none|thumb|ProX 950<nowiki/>https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/prox-950]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
! resolution
!size xyz
!power
|-
|1500/750/550mm
|50um
|.13mm
|2200/1600/2260mm
|1450mW
|}[[File:Form 3+.webp|none|thumb|form 3+https://shorturl.at/ptwAX]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
! resolution
!size xyz
!power
|-
|145/145/145mm
|25um
|.025mm
|386/389/458mm
|250mw
|}
==Technologies==
There are two main technologies used for curing resins in Vat Polymerization printing:
* '''Digital Light Processing''' (DLP): This uses a projector to cast the entire image of each layer for curing at the same time. This process is fast but with the trade off of decreasing accuracy.
* '''Stereolithography''': This processes uses a laser to cure a single section of the layer at a time, similar to Powder Bed Fusion. This enables higher resolution parts, but is slower.
==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 4.

“Photopolymerization - VAT, SLA, DLP, CDLP | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/photopolymerization</nowiki>.

Powder Bed Fusion

2023-10-11T16:58:24Z

Admin:

== Process description ==
[[File:PXL 20230828 231728663.jpg|right|frameless|422x422px]]
Powder bed fusion is primarily used to build metal parts, although other materials may be used. Powder bed fusion works by spreading a layer of powdered material over the entire print surface and then using a laser to selectively melt sections together. Another layer is then added on top of the last and the process is repeated until the part is complete. After the part is built, it must be thoroughly cleaned and scrubbed to remove excess powder.

==Strengths & Weaknesses==

=== Strengths ===
*'''Built in support system:''' The excess powder supports the print so there's no need to add printed supports, enabling the building of more complex geometries while maintaining consistent surface finish throughout the part.
* '''Small footprint''': Powder bed fusion machines frequently have a small footprint, and can be added into most workplaces. This allows for organizations to create metal prototypes in house.

=== Weaknesses ===
*'''High energy use:''' Melting metal with a laser takes significant energy.
* '''Surface finish:''' Powder bed fusion generally has a rough surface finish.
* '''Material properties:''' This process produces a weaker grain structure compared to parts cast from the same material.

[[File:PXL 20230828 232002915.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]
[[File:PXL 20230817 210159504.jpg|right|frameless|421x421px]]

== Machine Ranges ==

Overall, this technology can produce smaller parts with high dimensional accuracy. Powder bed fusion printers are on the more expensive side and require quotes from individual companies. Our research indicates these machines are on the order of $1,600,000.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Worst
!Best
|-
|volume X/Y/Z (mm)
|250/250/325
|800/400/500
|-
|resolution (mm)
|.1
|.06
|-
|layer height (um)
|120
|20
|-
|price ($)
|Requires
|Quotes
|}
[[File:Dmp-flex-350.webp|none|thumb|Dmp-flex-350]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
|-
|275/275/420mm
|60um
|.005mm
| 2370/2400/3470mm
|}[[File:SPro 230.webp|none|thumb|SPro 230<nowiki/>https://support.3dsystems.com/s/3d-printers/spro-140-and-230?language=en_US]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Build volume
!layer Height
!resolution
!size xyz
!power
|-
|256/256/256mm
|50um
|.2mm
| 386/389/458mm
|350W
|}
== Technologies ==
There are two main classes of Powder Bed Fusion printers that describe the laser process and typically indicate the type of materials it uses.

'''Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)''': This is the general term for non-metal powder bed fusion technologies. The term indicates that the heat source only adds enough energy to fuse the powder instead of fully melting it. SLS printing can provide improved capabilities when compared to material extrusion for softer materials such as as nylon or softer thermoplastics.

'''Selective Laser Melting (SLM)''': In contrast to SLS, SLM refers to processes of metal powder bed fusion. The energy added completely melts the material, making the internal structure more homogenous. This technique produces fully metal prototypes relatively easily.

==Navigation==
*[https://omic-am.mme.pdx.edu/index.php/Main_Page?veaction=edit Home page]
*[[Material extrusion|Material Extrusion]]
*[[Powder Bed Fusion]]
*[[Vat Polymerization]]
*[[Direct Energy Deposition]]
*[[Binder Jetting]]
*[[Material Jetting]]
*[[Sheet Lamination]]

==References==
Rosen, Stucker, and Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, chap. 5.

“Powder Bed Fusion - DMLS, SLS, SLM, MJF, EBM | Make.” Accessed October 6, 2023. <nowiki>https://make.3dexperience.3ds.com/processes/powder-bed-fusion</nowiki>.